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Biology > B5 Communicable Diseases > Flashcards

B5 Communicable Diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

What is health?

A

The state of physical and mental well-being

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2
Q

What are the major causes of ill health?

A

Communicable and non-communicable diseases

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3
Q

What other factors have an effect on health?

A
  • Diet
  • Stress
  • Life situations
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4
Q

How can physical ill health affect mental health?

A

Physical ill health can cause mental health problems

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5
Q

How do different types of disease interact? (4 marks)

A
  • Defects in the immune mean that an individual is more likely to suffer from infectious diseases
  • Viruses living in cells can trigger cancer
  • Immune reactions initially caused by a pathogen can trigger allergies such as skin rashes and asthma
  • Severe physical ill health can lead to depression and other mental illnesses
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6
Q

What are the risk factors linked to non-communicable diseases such as heart, liver lung problems and Type 2 diabetes? ( 2 marks)

A
  • A person’s lifestyle, e.g. diet, obesity, exercise

* Substances in the person’s body or environment

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7
Q

What are pathogens? (1 mark)

A

Microorganisms that cause infectious disease

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8
Q

Name four types of pathogens

A
  • Virus
  • Bacteria
  • Fungi
  • Protists
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9
Q

How can pathogens be spread?

A
  • By direct contact, e.g. touching
  • By exchange of body fluids, e.g. unprotected sex
  • Through droplets/spores in air
  • Through spores in soil
  • Contaminated water
  • Contaminated food
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10
Q

How do viruses cause illness? (1 mark)

A

Viruses enter the body cells damage cells

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11
Q

How do bacteria cause illness? (1 mark)

A

Bacteria produce toxins and damage the cells

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12
Q

Give two reasons why pathogens make us feel ill. (2 marks)

A
  • Pathogens produce toxins

* Pathogens damage cells

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13
Q

Describe the aseptic techniques used to grow microorganisms (4 marks)

A
  • Sterilise petri dish that is used to grow microorganisms
  • The nutrient agar which will provide their food must be sterilised. This will kill of any unwanted microorganisms
  • Inoculate the sterile agar with the microorganisms that you want to grow
  • Seal the petri dish and incubate at 250C or less (in school) to allow the microorganisms to grow.
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14
Q

How do bacteria multiply? (3 marks)

A
  • By simple cell division called binary fission
  • Every 20 minutes
  • They need enough nutrient and a suitable temperature
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15
Q

What is an antiseptic? (1 mark)

A

A chemical applied to skin to kill bacteria

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16
Q

What is a disinfectant? (1 mark)

A

A chemical applied to surfaces to kill bacteria

17
Q

How can the spread of disease be prevented? (4 marks)

A
  • Simple hygiene e.g. washing hands
  • Destroying vectors e.g. mosquitos
  • Isolation of infected person/people
  • Vaccination
18
Q

Name 3 diseases caused by viruses (3 marks)

A
  • Measles
  • HIV
  • Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)
19
Q

What is Measles? (5 marks)

A
  • Viral disease
  • Symptoms: Fever and red skin rash
  • Serious illness that can cause death
  • Most children are vaccinated when young
  • Measles spreads by inhaling droplets from sneezes and coughs
20
Q

What is HIV? ( 4 marks)

A
  • Virus that causes flu-like symptoms
  • Virus enters lymph nodes and attacks the body’s immune cells
  • AIDs occurs when the body’s own immune system cannot deal with other infections
  • HIV is spread by sexual contact or exchange of body fluids e.g. blood when sharing needles
21
Q

What is Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)? (3 marks)

A
  • Plant pathogen
  • Affects many plants including tomatoes
  • Gives distinct ‘mosaic’ discolouration on the leaves
  • Affects the growth of plant due to lack of photosynthesis
22
Q

Name a fungal disease (1 mark)

A

Rose Black Spot

23
Q

What is Rose Black Spot? (5 marks)

A
  • Purple or black spots develop on leaves, and then turn yellow and drop
  • Affects the growth of photosynthesis
  • Photosynthesis is reduced
  • Spreads by water or wing
  • Treated by fungicides or removing the affected leaves
24
Q

Name disease caused by a Protist (1 mark)

A

Malaria

25
Q

What is Malaria? (5 marks)

A
  • A disease caused by protists
  • The life cycle includes the mosquito that carries it from person to person
  • Malaria causes recurrent episodes of fever and can be fatal
  • The spread can be controlled by preventing the vectors (mosquitos) from breeding
  • Use mosquitos nets to avoid being bitten
26
Q

Describe how the human body defends itself against the entry of pathogens (4 marks)

A
  • The skin is a barrier and produces antimicrobial secretions.
  • The nose traps particles which may contain pathogens.
  • The trachea and bronchi secrete mucus which traps pathogens and cilia waft the mucus to the back of the throat where it is swallowed.
  • The stomach produces acid which kills the majority of pathogens which enter via the mouth.
27
Q

State three ways by which white blood cells protect us against pathogens (3 marks)

A
  • Produce antibody
  • Produce antitoxins
  • Phagocytosis (engulfing and ingesting pathogens)
28
Q

What is antibody? (1 mark)

A

These are the substances made by white blood cells to kill the pathogens

29
Q

What can plant diseases be detected by? (7 marks)

A
  • Stunted growth
  • Spots on leaves
  • Areas of decay
  • Growths
  • Malformed stems or leaves
  • Discolouration
  • The presence of pests
30
Q

How can identification be made? (3 marks)

A
  • Reference to a gardening manual or website
  • Taking infected plants to a lab to identify the pathogen
  • Using testing kids that contain monoclonal antibodies
31
Q

List some plant diseases ( 3 marks)

A
  • Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV- viral disease)
  • Black Spot (fungal disease)
  • Aphids (insects)
32
Q

What ion deficiencies can affect plant growth? (2 marks)

A
  • Stunted growth caused by nitrate deficiency

* Chlorosis caused by magnesium deficiency

33
Q

Why are nitrate ions needed? ( 2 marks)

A
  • For protein synthesis

* Growth

34
Q

Why are magnesium ions needed? ( 1 mark)

A

To make chlorophyll

35
Q

What defences do plants have to resist invasion of microbes? ( 3 marks)

A
  • Cellulose cell walls
  • Tough waxy cuticle on leaves
  • Layers of dead cells around stems (or bark on trees) which fall off, taking pathogens with them
36
Q

What chemical plant defence systems are there? (2 marks)

A
  • Produce antibacterial chemicals, such as mint and witch hazel
  • Produce poisons to deter herbivores, such as tobacco plants, foxgloves and deadly nightshade
37
Q

What mechanical adaptions do plants have? (3 marks)

A
  • Thorns and hairs deter animals from eating or touching them
  • Leaves which droop or curl when they are touched
  • Mimicry to trick animals into not eating them or not laying eggs on the leaves

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