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GCSE BIOLOGY > B5 Communicable Diseases > Flashcards

B5 Communicable Diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

Health

A

A state of physical and mental wellbeing

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2
Q

Factors that have an effect on health

A

Diet, stress and life situations

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3
Q

Viruses living in cells can trigger changes that can

A

Lead to cancers

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4
Q

Defects in the immune system due to infections, poor nutrition or genetic makeup can

A

Make you more likely to suffer from other communicable diseases

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5
Q

Immune reactions initially caused by a pathogen can

A

Trigger allergies to factors in the environment

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6
Q

Severe physical ill health can lead to

A

Depression and other mental illness

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7
Q

Difference between viruses and bacteria

A

Viruses are smaller than bacteria and unlike viruses, some bacteria are useful

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8
Q

Positive uses of bacteria

A

Make food such as yogurt and cheese, treat sewage, and make medicines

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9
Q

How do bacteria cause disease?

A

They divide rapidly by splitting in two (binary fission) and produce toxins that affect the body and make you feel ill

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10
Q

How do viruses cause disease?

A

They take over the cells of your body. They live and reproduce inside the cells, damaging and destroying them

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11
Q

Common disease symptoms

A

High temperature, headaches, and rashes

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12
Q

How are pathogens spread?

A

By air, direct contact, and by water

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13
Q

Culture medium

A

A liquid or gel containing nutrients

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14
Q

Mutation

A

A change in the DNA

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15
Q

What is the maximum temp at which cultures can be incubated in schools and colleges?

A

25 degrees c

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16
Q

Why does bacteria have to be incubated at 25 degrees c max in schools and colleges?

A

If the bacteria was cultured at 37 degrees c (human body temp), there would be a high risk of growing some dangerous pathogens

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17
Q

Why are uncontaminated cultures of microorganisms needed?

A

To investigate the action of disinfectants and antibiotics

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18
Q

What factors affect the growth rate of bacteria?

A

Temperature, available nutrients, oxygen levels, and pH

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19
Q

Bacteria at the end of the growth period =

A

Bacteria at the beginning of the growth period x 2^number of divisions

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20
Q

Antiseptic

A

A dissinfectant that is safe to use on human skin

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21
Q

Ways to prevent bacterial growth

A

Change the temperature, disinfectants, antisepctics, and antibiotics

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22
Q

How to investigate the effect of disinfectants and antibiotics

A

You can add circles of filter paper soaked in different types of disinfectant or antibiotic when you set up the culture plate. The zone of inhibition can be measured to investigate the effect of the different antiseptics/antibiotics on the growth of the bacteria

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23
Q

Ways to prevent infections

A

Simple hygiene measures, isolating infected individuals, destroying vectors, and vaccination

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24
Q

Symptoms of measles

A

Fever and a red skin rash

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25
Q

How is measles spread?

A

Inhalation of droplets from coughs and sneezes (airborne) and is very infectious

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26
Q

How is HIV/AIDS spread?

A

Direct sexual contact and the exchange of bodily fluids. Can also be passed from mother to child in breast milk.

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27
Q

Symptoms of HIV/AIDS

A

HIV only causes mild, flu-like symptoms to begin with. It attacks the immune system and remains hidden inside the immune system until the immune system is so badly damaged that it can no longer deal with infections or certain cancer (at this point the patient has developed AIDS)

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28
Q

How to treat measles

A

There is no treatment for measles so infected patients need to be isolated to stop the spread

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29
Q

How to treat HIV/AIDS

A

There is no cure and no vaccine however the regular use of antiretrovial drugs can prevent the development of AIDS for many years

30
Q

Symptoms of tobacco mosaic virus

A

Causes a distinctive mosaic pattern of discoloration on the leaves as the virus destroys the cells. This affects the growth of the plant as the affected areas of the leaf do not photosynthesise

31
Q

How is tobacco mosaic virus spread?

A

Contact between diseased plant material and healthy plants and insects can act as vectors

32
Q

How to treat tobacco mosaic virus

A

There is no treatment and farmers now grow TMV-resistant strains of many crop plants. Good field hygiene and good pest control can help prevent the spread

33
Q

Name three viral diseases

A

Measles, tobacco mosaic virus, and HIV/AIDS

34
Q

Name three bacterial diseases

A

Salmonella food poisoning, gonorrhoea, and agrobacterium tumefaciens

35
Q

Symptoms of salmonella

A

Fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting, and diarrhoea

36
Q

What is salmonella

A

Salmonella are bacteria that live in the guts of many different animals. They can be in raw meat, poultry, eggs, and egg products. If they get into our bodies they disrupt the balance of the natural gut bacteria and can cause salmonella food poisoning

37
Q

How to treat salmonella

A

For many people salmonella infections don’t last long and no antibiotics are given. In the Uk poultry are vaccinated against salmonella to control the spread

38
Q

How is gonorrhoea spread?

A

Unprotected sexual contact with an infected person

39
Q

Symptoms of gonorrhoea

A

Thick yellow or green discharge from the vagina or penis and pain on urination.
If untreated: long-term pelvic pain, infertility, and ectopic pregnancies

40
Q

How to treat gonorrhoea

A

Can be treated with antibiotics. Originally it was easily cured with penicillin but now many resistant strains have evolved so it is increasingly difficult to treat

41
Q

Bacterial diseases in plants

A

There are few bacterial diseases in plants. Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a bacterium that causes crown galls-a mass of unspecialised cells that often grow at the join between the root and the shoot in infected plants

42
Q

Fungal diseases in people

A

There are relatively few. Athlete’s foot is a well known, minor fungal skin condition. Antifungal drugs are usually effective against skin fungi, but it can be hard to treat deep-seated tissue infections

43
Q

Symptoms of rose black spot

A

It causes purple or black spots to develop on the leaves. They often turn yellow and drop early and this weakens the plant because it reduces the area of leaves available for photosynthesis and as a result the plant doesn’t flower well

44
Q

How is rose black spot spread?

A

The spores of the fungus are spread in the environment, carried by the wind. They are then spread over the plant after it rains in drips of water that splash from one leaf or plant to another

45
Q

How to treat rose black spot

A

Gardeners try to prevent the spread by removing and burning affected leaves and stems. Chemical fungicides can also help to treat the disease and prevent it spreading. Horticulturists have bred types of roses that are relatively resistant to black spot but the disease still cannot be prevented or cured

46
Q

Example of a protist disease

A

Malaria

47
Q

What is a protist?

A

A single-celled organism

48
Q

Symptoms of malaria

A

They affect the liver and damage red blood. It causes recurrent episodes of fever and shaking when the protists burst out of the blood cells and it can be fatal

49
Q

How is malaria spread?

A

The bite of female mosquitos

50
Q

How to treat malaria

A

If diagnosed quickly, it can be treated using a combination of drugs however some protists have become resistant to the most commonly used medicines

51
Q

How to prevent the spread of malaria

A

Use insecticide-treated mosquito nets, use insecticides to kill mosquitos, prevent the vectors from breeding by removing standing water and spraying water with insectices to kill the larvae, and travellers can take antimalarial drugs that kill the parasites in the blood if they are bitten by an infected mosquito.

52
Q

Skin defences of humans

A

The skin acts as a barrier, it produces antimicrobial secretions to destroy pathogenic bacteria, and healthy skin is covered with microorganisms that help to keep you healthy and act as an extra barrier

53
Q

Human defences of the respiratory system

A

The nose is full of hairs and produces mucus which trap particles in the air that may contain pathogens of irritate your lungs. The trachea and bronchi also secrete mucus to trap pathogens from the air. The lining of the tubes is covered in cilia which beat to waft the mucus up to the back of the throat where it is swallowed.

54
Q

Human defences of the digestive system

A

The stomach produces acid which destroys the microorganisms in the mucus you swallow, as well as the majority of pathogens you take in from food and drink

55
Q

Human defences in the immune system

A

Some white blood cells ingest pathogens, digesting and destroying them. Some produce antibodies which target particular bacteria or viruses and destroy them. Some white blood cells produce antitoxins which counteract the toxins released by pathogens

56
Q

Why are aphids so damaging?

A

They bite into the plants’ phloem vessels and deprive the plant cells of the products of photosynthesis. They can also act as vectors and transfer viruses, bacteria, and fungi

57
Q

How to stop aphids

A

They can be destroyed using chemical pesticides or, in enclosed spaces, biological pest control. Aphid eating insects such as ladybirds can be released to control the pathogen population

58
Q

Nematode worms and many insect larvae…

A

Live in the soil and feed in or on plant roots, damaging them so they cannot absorb water and mineral ions effectively

59
Q

Chlorosis

A

Plants take magnesium ions from the soil to make the chlorophyll needed for photosynthesis. If the level of magnesium ions in the soil is low, the plant cannot make enough chlorophyll. The leaves become yellow and growth slows down

60
Q

Plants need a good supply of nitate ions from the soil to…

A

Convert the sugars made in photosynthesis into proteins needed for growth in protein synthesis. A nitrate deficiency will cause stunted growth

61
Q

What causes stunted growth?

A

Nitrate deficiency

62
Q

What causes spots on leaves?

A

Black spot fungus on roses

63
Q

What causes areas of decay or rotting?

A

Black spot on roses, blights on potatoes

64
Q

What causes growths in plants?

A

Crown galls caused by bacterial infections

65
Q

What causes malformed stems and leaves?

A

Due to aphid or nematode infestation

66
Q

What causes discolouration?

A

Yellowing or chlorosis in magnesium deficiency, mosaic patterns resulting from tobacco mosaic virus

67
Q

How can plant diseases be detected

A

Gardening manuals/online, DNA analysis of diseased materials, and monocolonal antibodies test kits that can identify the presence of certain pathogens

68
Q

Physical barriers against pathogens in plants

A

cellulose cell wall, tough waxy cuticle, bark on trees and leaf fall

69
Q

Chemical barriers against pathogens in plants

A

many plants produce antibacterial chemicals that protect them against invading pathogens. As current antibiotics are becoming less effective, scientists are investigating whether these chemicals can be used as antibiotics

70
Q

Plant defences against herbivores

A

poisons to deter, thorns to make it painful to eat them, hairy stems and/or leaves, drooping or curling when touched, and mimicry

GCSE BIOLOGY (7 decks)

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