B5/7 - Diseases Flashcards
What are the two types of disease?
Communicable (can be spread) and non-communicable (cannot be spread)
What factors (not pathogens) can affect health?
Diet, lifestyle, stress, genetic inheritance, immune system defects
Define pathogen
A microorganism which infects another organism (the host) and causes disease in that organism
Where in the body does alcohol and smoking affect.
Alcohol causes liver damage and damages brain function
Smoking causes lung cancer and other lung diseases
Both cause problems in unborn babies if ingested during pregnancy
What causes HIV?
Exchange of bodily fluids - sexual contact or mixing of blood
What does TMV cause?
Discolouration of plant leaves
What are the four types of communicable disease?
Viral, bacterial, fungal, protist
What spreads malaria?
Protists, living inside mosquitoes
How can rose black spots be treated?
Removing the affected leaves or using a fungicide
Define binary fission
How bacteria multiply. It forms two identical cells but only occurs under the right conditions (correct temperature, plenty of nutrients)
What are the steps to prepare an uncontaminated culture?
Sterilisation, transferred using inoculating loops, Petri dish lid secured with tape and stored upside down, incubated for growth
What are the two forms a bacterial colony can take?
Circular colonies or a lawn
Define culture medium
Substance on which microorganisms are grown, which provides them with nutrients (agar gel, nutrient broth)
Define antibody and antigen
Antibodies are protein molecules made by white blood cells to fight pathogens. Antigens are molecules found on the surface of viruses. They are specific to each other and bind together
Name some uses for monoclonal antibodies
Pregnancy tests, lab tests for specific chemicals , identification, disease treatment
What are the two types of human defence systems?
Non-specific (stopping entering the body) and immune system (once inside the body)
Name some non-specific defences
Skin, nose, trachea, bronchi, stomach
Define phagocytosis
Engulfing and digesting of pathogens by white blood cells
How does vaccination work?
A dead or inactive pathogen is injected, antibodies are produced, memory cells remain in the blood so that if a real pathogen enters the body it is destroyed faster
What type of disease do antibiotics treat?
Bacterial diseases
Define antiretroviral
Type of drug that can kill viruses
What stage of drug testing involves human testing?
Clinical trials
What are two ways of treating kidney failure?
Kidney transplant or dialysis (machine filters toxic substances from blood in replacement of kidneys)
What causes type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
Defect in pancreas stop insulin production
Body cells no longer respond to the insulin
What treatments are used for type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
Insulin injections
Controlled diet and exercise
What are coronary arteries?
Arteries that provide the heart muscles with blood and take oxygen, glucose and waste products
Define stent
A mesh or cage like structure that holds coronary arteries open so that blood can flow through. Often used when arteries are narrowed by built up fatty material
Define valve
Structures in the heart which prevent blood flowing the wrong way
