B5/7 - Diseases

Question 1

What are the two types of disease?

Answer 1

Communicable (can be spread) and non-communicable (cannot be spread)

Question 2

What factors (not pathogens) can affect health?

Answer 2

Diet, lifestyle, stress, genetic inheritance, immune system defects

Question 3

Define pathogen

Answer 3

A microorganism which infects another organism (the host) and causes disease in that organism

Question 4

Where in the body does alcohol and smoking affect.

Answer 4

Alcohol causes liver damage and damages brain function

Smoking causes lung cancer and other lung diseases

Both cause problems in unborn babies if ingested during pregnancy

Question 5

What causes HIV?

Answer 5

Exchange of bodily fluids - sexual contact or mixing of blood

Question 6

What does TMV cause?

Answer 6

Discolouration of plant leaves

Question 7

What are the four types of communicable disease?

Answer 7

Viral, bacterial, fungal, protist

Question 8

What spreads malaria?

Answer 8

Protists, living inside mosquitoes

Question 9

How can rose black spots be treated?

Answer 9

Removing the affected leaves or using a fungicide

Question 10

Define binary fission

Answer 10

How bacteria multiply. It forms two identical cells but only occurs under the right conditions (correct temperature, plenty of nutrients)

Question 11

What are the steps to prepare an uncontaminated culture?

Answer 11

Sterilisation, transferred using inoculating loops, Petri dish lid secured with tape and stored upside down, incubated for growth

Question 12

What are the two forms a bacterial colony can take?

Answer 12

Circular colonies or a lawn

Question 13

Define culture medium

Answer 13

Substance on which microorganisms are grown, which provides them with nutrients (agar gel, nutrient broth)

Question 14

Define antibody and antigen

Answer 14

Antibodies are protein molecules made by white blood cells to fight pathogens. Antigens are molecules found on the surface of viruses. They are specific to each other and bind together

Question 15

Name some uses for monoclonal antibodies

Answer 15

Pregnancy tests, lab tests for specific chemicals , identification, disease treatment

Question 16

What are the two types of human defence systems?

Answer 16

Non-specific (stopping entering the body) and immune system (once inside the body)

Question 17

Name some non-specific defences

Answer 17

Skin, nose, trachea, bronchi, stomach

Question 18

Define phagocytosis

Answer 18

Engulfing and digesting of pathogens by white blood cells

Question 19

How does vaccination work?

Answer 19

A dead or inactive pathogen is injected, antibodies are produced, memory cells remain in the blood so that if a real pathogen enters the body it is destroyed faster

Question 20

What type of disease do antibiotics treat?

Answer 20

Bacterial diseases

Question 21

Define antiretroviral

Answer 21

Type of drug that can kill viruses

Question 22

What stage of drug testing involves human testing?

Answer 22

Clinical trials

Question 23

What are two ways of treating kidney failure?

Answer 23

Kidney transplant or dialysis (machine filters toxic substances from blood in replacement of kidneys)

Question 24

What causes type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

Answer 24

Defect in pancreas stop insulin production

Body cells no longer respond to the insulin

Question 25

What treatments are used for type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

Answer 25

Insulin injections

Controlled diet and exercise

Question 26

What are coronary arteries?

Answer 26

Arteries that provide the heart muscles with blood and take oxygen, glucose and waste products

Question 27

Define stent

Answer 27

A mesh or cage like structure that holds coronary arteries open so that blood can flow through. Often used when arteries are narrowed by built up fatty material

Question 28

Define valve

Answer 28

Structures in the heart which prevent blood flowing the wrong way