B5 Flashcards
What is a synovial joint?
Either hinge or ball and socket, synodical membrane secretes synovial fluid which cushions during movement. Ligaments and cartilage also present
What are the four arteries / veins going into the heart?
Vena cava, pulmonary artery, aorta, pulmonary vein.
What two scientists have looked at circulation?
Galen (200AD) believed blood flowed in tides between the liver and heart
William Harvey found out about blood vessels, he knew argues were under high pressure and the veins had valves
What are the pacemakers?
Control hearts beat- Sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node
What is an ECG and what is an echocardiogram?
ECG (electrocardiogram) monitors electrical impulses
Echocardiogram uses ultrasound to create a picture of the heart
What are anticoagulants used for and what are three examples?
Warfarin, Heparin, Asprin- reduce risk of blood clots
What are the markers on the surface of red blood cells which makes the cell clump if it detects an antigen?
Agglutinins
How are alveoli adapted?
- Rich blood supply
- Large surface area (more gas exchange)
- Moist, thin, permeable surface
What does starch break down into?
Starch —> Maltose (double sugar) —> Glucose (single sugar)
By carbohydrase
What does the stomach do?
Breaks proteins down into amino acids by protease
What are the adaptations of the small intestine?
- Long, thin, permeable lining
- Micro villi and villi for large surface area
- Rich blood supply
Name the parts of the kidney and what they do
Cortex (outside layer), medulla, renal artery (dirty blood in), renal vein (clean blood out), ureter (to bladder)
What are the steps of filtration that happen in a kidney nephron/tubule?
Ultrafiltration- blood forced through glomerulus and most water is pushed into bowmans capsule as well as small substances.
Selective reabsorbtion- Useful substances are reabsorbed into blood
Salt and water regulation- Water is absorbed back into the loop of henlé
What controls water content in your blood?
ADH, Anti-diuretic hormone, produce in brain, effects permeability of tubules, example of negative feedback
What does FSH do?
Produced in the pituitary gland, stimulates egg to ripen, stimulates for ovaries to release oestrogen
What does oestrogen do?
Negative feedback on FSH (stops it so only one egg ripens), stimulates pituitary gland to release LH, repairs uterus lining
What does LH do?
Causes egg to be released, produced by pituitary gland
What does progesterone do?
Maintains uterus lining, produced by ovaries
What is foetal screening?
Ultrasound reveal sex, multiple babies and any problems without harm.
Aminocentesis analyses cells in the amniotic fluid and is checked for disabilities. 1 in 200 babies die from it
What does an immunosuppressive drug do?
Stops people’s bodies rejecting a donor organ
What factors effect growth?
Amount of growth hormone produced, diet, exercise, inherited information, diseases and conditions
What are the problems with living longer?
- Degenerative diseases
- Aging population
- Pressure on working population
- More taxes
What does the pancreas do?
Makes digestive enzymes and insulin
What do the liver an gal bladder do?
Produce bile
What does the large intestine do?
Absorbs water into blood
What is peristalsis?
When food is squished (oesophagus) by muscles so you can eat upside down
What does the small intestine do?
Digests and absorbs food into blood
What is egestion?
Getting rid of solid waste
What is excretion?
Getting rid of waster products made by body processes, i.e. Urea, carbon dioxide, sweat
What does bile do?
Emulsified fat droplets so lipase can work faster
What is inspiration?
Air moves into lungs, diaphragm contracts and flattens, rib age raised, more volume
What is exhalation?
Air is forced out, decrease in volume, diaphragm relaxes and pushes up, riva age lowers
How does blood clot?
Platelets gather at the site, fibrin builds over the wound to make a scab (combination of platelets, fibrin and plasma)
How does gas exchange work in fish?
Fish gulp water through their mouths its pushed out of their gills. Oxygen is absorbed by the filaments and transported into the blood supply. They can’t breathe air because it’s too dense to push through the gill filaments
