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Biology > B5 > Flashcards

B5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What organisms have internal skeletons?

A

Animals such as frogs, fish and humans

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2
Q

What are internal skeletons made of?

A

Bone and some cartilage

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3
Q

What are 4 advantages of an internal skeleton?

A
  1. Skeleton grows with the body
  2. Forms a framework for the body
  3. Muscles can attach to a bone
  4. Joints allow for flexibility
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4
Q

Why are bone and cartilage susceptible to infection?

A

They are living tissues

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5
Q

Why are long bones hollow?

A

To make them lighter and less suscepticle to fracture

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6
Q

How do bones grow?

A

The skeleton begins as cartilage which is slowly replaced by calcium and phosphorus (ossification)

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7
Q

How can you tell if a person is still growing?

A

By the amount of cartilage they have

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8
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

The gradual softening of the bones due to degeneration.
Most common in elderly people
Leaves bones brittle and prone to fracture

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9
Q

Why should be with suspected fractures not be moved?

A

It could lead to nerve damage and potentially paralysis

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10
Q

What are the two types of joints in the body?

A

Hinge joints eg. elbow and knee

Ball and socket joints eg. hip and shoulder

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11
Q

What is synovial fluid?

A

Found between joints and acts as a lubricant aswell as absorbing shock

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12
Q

What is synovial membrane?

A

Acts as a padding between two bones to move against each other

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13
Q

What does cartilage do in a synovial joint?

A

Absorbs shock

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14
Q

What are ligaments?

A

Connects bones together preventing dislocation

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15
Q

What is a single circulatory system?

A

The blood goes around a single circuit.
The heart has two chambers
Eg. Fish: Blood picks up oxygen from the gills and flows round circuit

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16
Q

What is a double circulatory system?

A 
The blood goes around 2 circuits:
? From the heart to the lungs
? From the heart to the rest of the body
Heart has 4 chambers
Eg. Humans
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17
Q

Which circulatory system puts blood under the most pressure and why?

A

Double as the blood is pumped through the heart twice before travelling around the body. The left ventricle has lots of muscle to create high pressure

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18
Q

Why is a high pressure in a double circulatory system necessary?

A

Mammals have larger bodies so need to force the blood containing oxygen and glucose further distances quicker

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19
Q

What was William Harvey’s theory about circulation?

A

? Blood produced in the liver and used up by the other organs of the body

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20
Q

What was Galen’s theory about circulation?

A

? Heart acted as a pump to push blood into arteries, causing a pulse

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21
Q

What does the cardiac?cycle represent?

A

1 heart beat

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22
Q

Describe the 6 steps of the cardiac cycle

A
  1. Ventricles and atria relaxed as blood enters atrium
  2. Atria contract
  3. Atrio?ventricular valves open and blood enters ventricles
  4. Ventricles contract
  5. AV valves close and semi?lunar valves open
  6. Blood leaves heart and goes to lungs/body
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23
Q

What hormone can effect heart rate? Why?

A

Andrenaline

The body is preparing for fight or flight” and so by increasing the heart rate, more energy is supplied to her muscles”

24
Q

Describe what a pacemaker cell does

3 points

A

1) SAN (sino?atrial node) generates electrical impulses
2) Spread across atria causing both atria to contract
3) When the impulses reach the AVN (atrio?ventricular node), more impulses spread across the ventricles causing them to contract

25
Q

What is an echocardiogram used for?

3 points

A

To detect poor valve function
An enlarged heart (indicate heart failure)
Increased pumping ability (indicate cardiomyopathy)

26
Q

What are pacemakers?

A

Work by sending out electrical impulses across the heart mimicking the job of a sino?atrial node (SAN)

27
Q

What can an electrocardiogram show?

A

? Heart attacks

? Irregular heartbeats/general health of heart

28
Q

Why do most unborn babies have a hole in their heart?

A

The septum does not fully develop until after birth because babies do not need a double circulatory system as they recieve glucose and oxygen from their mothers blood

29
Q

What does a hole in the heart mean?

A

? A gap in the wall separating the two ventricles or the two atria
? Blood can move directly from one side of the heart to the other side
? Allows deoxygenated and oxygenated blood to mix there there is less overall oxygen travelling round body

30
Q

How can a hole in the heart be overcome?

A

Correction by surgery

31
Q

Why can a blocked coronary artery lead to a heart attack?

A

Diets high in sat fats lead to cholesterol build up forming a plaque in artery
? Can lead to thrombosis which reduces blood flow (oxygen and glucose to the heart muscle = heart attack)

32
Q

How can the problem of a blocked coronary artery be overcome?

A

Bypass surgery

33
Q

How can the valves in the heart be damaged? (3 points)

A

? Heart attacks
? Infection
? Old age

34
Q

Why can damage valves mean blood doesn’t circulate as effectively? (2 points)

A

? Can cause high blood pressure as valve may not open properly
? May allow the blood to flow in both directions

35
Q

How can the problem of valve damage be overcome?

A

By replacing the valve with an artifical one

36
Q

What is a heart assist device?

A

A ventricular assist device (VAD) is a mechanical pump that’s used to support heart function and blood flow in people with weakened hearts

37
Q

How does a heart assist device work?

A

Takes blood from a lower chamber of the heart and helps pump it to the body and organs

38
Q

Who often recieves heart assist devices?

A

Those waiting for a heart transplant

39
Q

Compare the advantages and disadvantages between artificial valves/pacemakers over heart transplants
(5 points)

A

Valves/pacemakers:
? Artificial valves readily available so less time
? Pacemaker batteries must be changed but it is a less invasive procedure
Transplants:
? Requires post surgery anti?rejection drugs
? Recovery time
? Long waiting time for donors

40
Q

What is a clot?

A

A mesh of protein fibres that plugs the damaged area when injurtied to prevent too much bleeding

41
Q

How are clots formed?

A

By a series of chemical reactions that take place when platelets in your blood are exposed to damaged blood vessels

42
Q

What can too much blood clotting lead to?

A

Strokes and deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

43
Q

How can people prevent blood clotting too much?

A

Drugs like warfarin, heparin and aspirin

44
Q

What is haemophilia?

A

A genetic condition where the blood doesn’t clot easily because a clotting factor can’t be made by the body (can be injected)

45
Q

What are the 4 blood types?

A

A, B, OB, AB

46
Q

What to the letters of the blood types refer to?

A

The antigens on the surface of a person’s red blood cells

47
Q

What can red blood cells have on their surface?

What can blood plasma contain?

A

A or B antigens

anti?A or anti?B antibodies

48
Q

What happens if an anti?A antibody meets an A antigen? (or anti?B antibody meets a B antigen)

A

The blood clumps together (agglutination)

49
Q

How is it possible to have living donors?

A

You can live with just one of your kidneys

Can donate a piece of your liver

50
Q

What criteria must a person meet to be an organ donor? (5 points)

A

1) Relatively young = organ is fit and healthy
2) Similar body weight
3) Close tissue match to prevent rejection
4) Over the age of 18
5) If died, must have recently because organs only stay usable for a few hours outside the body

51
Q

What 3 things do the success rates of transplants depend on?

A

1) Type of organ
2) Age of patient
3) Skill of surgeon

52
Q

Why can transplants be rejected?

A

The patient’s immune system often recognises the new organ as foreign and attacks it

53
Q

How are the chances of rejection reduced?

A

The donor should have a similar tissue type

Immuno?suppresive drugs that suppress the immune system

54
Q

What are 2 ethical issues surrounding organ donation?

A

1) Religious reasons think bodies should be buried in tact/life and death is up to God
2) People may get pressured into being a living donor””

55
Q

What are 2 problems surrounding the supply of donor organs?

A

1) UK has shortage of organs available for donor

2) The shortage means people are often waiting a long time until an organ becomes available

Biology (2 decks)

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