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B5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is classification?

A

grouping organisms who share characteristics or similarities in DNA

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2
Q

what is Artificial classification?

A

based on observable characteristics (appearance)

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3
Q

What is natural classification?

A

uses DNA

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4
Q

what are species?

A

group of organisms that is able to reproduce to produce fertile offspring

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5
Q

what is binomial nomenclature?

A

genus and species

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6
Q

what is largest group you can classify by?

A

Kingdom

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7
Q

classifying groups

A

kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

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8
Q

keep ponds clean or frogs get sick

A

kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

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9
Q

what are the hierarchal groups known as (species, genus..)

A

taxa

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10
Q

smallest classifying group?

A

species

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11
Q

what are phenotypes?

A

characteristics which are observed in an organism

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11
Q

what is an inherited phenotype?

A

genetic information from biological parents
stored as DNA in the nucleus

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12
Q

what is an environmental phenotype?

A

phenotype based on surroundings

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13
Q

what is a genome?

A

all of an organisms genetic material

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14
Q

what are characteristics?

A

a feature or quality belonging to an organism

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14
Q

what can variation be split in to?

A

discontinuous
continuous

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15
Q

what is environmental variation?

A

differences caused by the environment

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16
Q

what is genetic variation?

A

differences caused by an organisms genetic material

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17
Q

what is discontinuous variation?

A

categoric data

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18
Q

what is continuous variation?

A

data between values

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19
Q

a mutation is a change in DNA base sequence by….

A

original
deletion
insertion
substitution

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19
Q

what is a mutation?

A

a change in DNA

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20
Q

what is a gamete?

A

a sex cell

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21
Q

what is sperm?

A

male gamete

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22
Q

what is egg?

A

female gamete

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23
Q

what is fertilisation?

A

where the gametes join

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24
Q

what is a zygote?

A

a fertilised egg

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24
Q

what is the seed?

A

fertilised plant egg

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25
Q

what is pollen?

A

male plant gamete

26
Q

what is the fertilised plant egg?

A

seed

26
Q

what is the male plant gamete?

A

pollen

27
Q

what is sexual reproduction?

A

joining of sex cells

genes/DNA from 2 parents mix

27
Q

what is produced by the end of meiosis?

A

4 haploid daughter cells
.NOT identical to parent cell or eachother

28
Q

What is meiosis?

A

how gametes are produced
.type of cell division to create gametes

29
Q

order of meiosis
Start with parent cell

A

parent cell -
DNA replication -
line up in the middle -
(nuclear membrane breaks down) -
pulled to opposite ends - (nuclear membrane reforms) -
cytokinesis -
line up in the middle -
pulled to opposite ends - cytokinesis
- 4 daughter cells

30
Q

differences between mitosis and meiosis?

cell division

A

mitosis
1 round
meiosis
2 rounds

31
Q

differences between mitosis and meiosis?

what’s it used for

A

mitosis
used for growth
meiosis
used to create gametes

32
Q

differences between mitosis and meiosis?

how many cells does it create

A

mitosis
2 new cells
meiosis
4 new cells

33
Q

differences between mitosis and meiosis?

what cells does it create

A

mitosis
creates diploid cells
meiosis
creates haploid cells

34
Q

does meiosis create identical cells?

A

NO

34
Q

does mitosis create identical cells?

A

YES

35
Q

where does mitosis take place?

A

stem cells

36
Q

where does meiosis take place?

A

testes and ovaries

37
Q

advantages of sexual reproduction?

A

creates more variation

38
Q

what are alleles?

A

different versions of a gene

38
Q

what are different versions of the same gene?

A

allele

38
Q

why is cloning more common in plants than animals?

A

plant cells retain ability to differentiate but animals do not

39
Q

what is homozygous?

A

2 identical alleles for an inherited characteristics

40
Q

what is heterozygous?

A

2 different alleles for an inherited characteristic

41
Q

when is a recessive allele expressed?

A

homozygous recessive
bb

42
Q

is you have 2 different alleles what is expressed?

A

DOMINANT

43
Q

who is Gregor Mendel?

A

studied inheritance of different characteristics in pea plants

red white flowered plants and red flowered plants - red was dominant

44
Q

what is adaptation?

A

characteristics that increase yoiur chances of surving

45
Q

adaptation example in camels?

A

.double eyelid and long eyelashes to keep sand out eyes

.pads on feet so you can climb up steep hills

46
Q

who was Charles Darwin?

A

studied variation in plants, animals and fossils

theory of evolution

47
Q

natural selection cycle?

A

mutation
variation
best adapted
survival
pass on genes
frequency to genotype increases

48
Q

what is evolution?

A

gradual changes in a species overtime

48
Q

finch bird natural selection example?

A

.mutation of tweezer beak
.variation in beaks
tweezer beak could pick up more food so its best adapted
.tweezer beak is more likely to survive because it gets more food .tweezer beak allele passed onto the next generation
.frequency for that genotype will increase

49
Q

what is natural selection?

A

mechanism of evolution survival of the fittest

50
Q

describe process of fossilisation?

A

.An organism dies and is quickly buried by sediment
.Soft tissues decompose, leaving only the hard bones or shells behind.
.The sediment around the remains thickens and turns to stone.
.The skeleton dissolves, leaving a mold.
.Minerals crystallize inside the mold, forming a cast.

50
Q

what is Charles Lyall?

A

some fossil guy

51
Q

problems with fossil records?

A

.incomplete - not all of it will be found
some are damaged

52
Q

who was Alfred Wallace?

A

independently created the same theory as Charles Darwin

53
Q

what is evidence for evolution?

A

.fossil record
(formed - incomplete)
.peer review
(Alfred Wallace, created same theory)
.DNA comparison

54
Q

what is phylogeny?

A

study of evolutionary relationships

55
Q

what do you use to model evolution and why?

A

bacteria
gives a faster timescale as they reproduce quickly

56
Q

what are clones

A

genetically identical to eachother + the parent cell

57
Q

what are chromosomes?

A

long molecules addof DNA

58
Q

advantages of asexual reproduction

A

.produce lots of offspring quickly
.only 1 parent needed - reproduce whenever

59
Q

disadvantages of asexual reproduction

A

.no genetic variation
if environment changes whole pop becomes affected

60
Q

advantages of sexual reproduction

A

.genetic variation - leads to evolution

61
Q

disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A

.takes more time and energy
.2 parents needed - problem if things are isolated

biology (4 decks)

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