B5

Question 1

what are symtoms of salmonela

Answer 1

fever like dieria

Question 2

what drugs kill viruses

Answer 2

antivirals

Question 3

define health

Answer 3

a state of physical and mental wellbeing

Question 4

can all desies be spread

Answer 4

no

Question 5

what is a pathogen

Answer 5

pathogens are microorganisms that cause communicable (infectious) diseases in plants or animals, and include bacteria, viruses, protists and fungi.

Question 6

how do bacteria and viruses harm you

Answer 6

bacteria and viruses reproduce rapidly - bacteria can make you feel ill by producing toxins that damage cells, and viruses made you feel ill by reproducing inside cells and damaging them.

Question 7

how can pathogens be spread

Answer 7

pathogens can be spread between people by water, air or by direct contact.

Question 8

how to prevent the spread of desies

Answer 8

the spread of diseases can be reduced or prevented by being hygienic, destroying vectors, isolating infectious people, and by using vaccinations.

Question 9

what method do gardeners use to remove afids

Answer 9

ladybirds

Question 10

name three plant desieses

Answer 10

TMV
rose black spot
magnesium deficancy
nitrates deficancy
(aphids)

Question 11

what is the equaton to figure out bacterial reproduction

Answer 11

origonal number of bacteria x 2 to the power of the number of devitions

Question 12

name a culture medium

Answer 12

agar jelly

Question 13

what is gonorrhoea

Answer 13

gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) with symptoms of a thick yellow or green discharge from the vagina or penis and pain on urinating. It is caused by a bacterium and was easily treated with the antibiotic penicillin until many resistant strains appeared. Gonorrhoea is spread by sexual contact. The spread can be controlled by treatment with antibiotics or the use of a barrier method of contraception such as a condom.

Question 14

what is Salmonella

Answer 14

Salmonella food poisoning is spread by bacteria ingested in food, or on food prepared in unhygienic conditions. In the UK, poultry are vaccinated against Salmonella to control the spread. Fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea are caused by the bacteria and the toxins they secrete.

Question 15

what is rose black spot

Answer 15

rose black spot is a fungal disease where purple or black spots develop on leaves, which often turn yellow and drop early. It affects the growth of the plant as photosynthesis is reduced. It is spread in the environment by water or wind. Rose black spot can be treated by using fungicides and/or removing and destroying the affected leaves.

Question 16

what is a protis and how is it related to malaria

Answer 16

the pathogens that cause malaria are protists. The malarial protist has a life cycle that includes the mosquito. Malaria causes recurrent episodes of fever and can be fatal. The spread of malaria is controlled by preventing the vectors, mosquitoes, from breeding and by using mosquito nets to avoid being bitten.

Question 17

Describe of the non-specific defence systems of the human body against pathogens,

Answer 17

the skin, nose, trachea and bronchi, and the stomach.

Question 18

what does the amune system do if a pahtogen enters ther body

Answer 18

pathogen enters the body the immune system tries to destroy the pathogen.

Question 19

how do white blood cells help to defend against pathogens

Answer 19

Phagocytosis - engulfing pathogens
Antibody production - attaching to specific markers (antigens) on pathogens
Antitoxin production - neutralising the toxins produced by bacteria

Question 20

How to prepare an uncontaminated culture using aseptic technique. Include why

Answer 20

Petri dishes and culture media must be sterilised before use
inoculating loops used to transfer microorganisms to the media must be sterilised by passing them through a flame
the lid of the Petri dish should be secured with adhesive tape and stored upside down
in school laboratories, cultures should generally be incubated at 25°C.

Question 21

do you know how to use standad form

Answer 21

YES!!!!

Question 22

do you know How to investigate the effect of antiseptics or antibiotics on bacterial growth using agar plates and measuring zones of inhibition (Required Practical)

Answer 22

YES!!!!

Question 23

What happens to plants that suffer from a deficiency of nitrate ions or magnesium ions

Answer 23

nitrate (stunted growth) and magnesium ions (chlorosis). This is because nitrate ions needed for protein synthesis and therefore growth, and magnesium ions needed to make chlorophyll.

Question 24

do you know That plants can be infected by viral, bacterial and fungal pathogens, and damaged by insects (e.g. aphids).

Answer 24

YES!!!

Question 25

What are the common signs of plant disease are

Answer 25

Stunted growth
Spots on leaves
Patches of decay
Abnormal growths
Malformed stems/leaves
Discolouration
The presence of pests.

Question 26

how plant diseases can be identified

Answer 26

Reference to a gardening manual or website
Taking infected plants to a laboratory to identify the pathogen
Using testing kits that contain monoclonal antibodies.

Question 27

what are Physical plant defence responses to resist invasion of microorganisms:

Answer 27

Cellulose cell walls.
Tough waxy cuticle on leaves.
Layers of dead cells around stems (bark on trees) which fall off.

Question 28

what are Chemical plant defence responses

Answer 28

Antibacterial chemicals.
Poisons to deter herbivores.

Question 29

what are the Mechanical plant adaptations

Answer 29

Thorns and hairs deter animals.
Leaves which droop or curl when touched.
Mimicry to trick animals.