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Year 11 Biology > B5 > Flashcards

B5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are communicable diseases

A

Communicable diseases are diseases caused by pathogens e.g viruses and bacteria .They can be passed from one person to another

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2
Q

What are non communicable diseases

A

Non communicable diseases are diseases that cannot be transferred from one person to another e.g heart disease

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3
Q

What are other factors that can influence health

A

Other factors influencing health:
Diet-Too little of certian nutrients can cause diseases such as aneamia and rickets. Too many nutrients can leadnto problems such as obesity and type 2 diabetes

Stress-Too much stress can increase the risk of developing health problems

Life situations

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4
Q

Define the term health

A

Health is the state of physical and mental wellbeing

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5
Q

How do different diseases interact

A
  • Severe physical illness often leads to severe mental illness e.g depression
  • Viruses living in cells can trigger changes that lead to cancer
  • Defects in immune systems(due to diseases e.g HIV/AIDS) may mean your body is not able to destroy pathogens . This means you are more likely to be suseptible to communicable diseases
  • Immune reactions initially caused by a pathogen can trigger allergic reactions
  • malnutrition is often linked to health problems
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6
Q

What are microorganisms that cause disease called

A

Microorganisms that cause disease are called pathogens

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7
Q

What are the types of pathogen

A

Pathogens may be bacteria,viruses ,protists and fungi

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8
Q

How can communicable diseases be caused

A

Communicable diseases can be caused directly by a pathogen or by the toxins made by a pathogen

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9
Q

Which type of pathogens cause the most communicable diseases in animals?

Which type of pathogens cause the most communicable diseases in plants?

A
  • In animals, viruses and bacteria cause the most communicable disease
  • In plants, viruses and fungi cause the most disease
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10
Q

Compare the relative sizes of bacteria and viruses

A

Viruses are much smaller than bacteria

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11
Q

Can communicable diseases be passed between different spevies of organisms

A

Communicable diseases can be passed between different species of organisms e.g infected animals can pass rabies to humans

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12
Q

How do bacteria cause disease

A

Bacteria divide rapidly once in the body by splitting in two (binary fission) . They produce toxins that affect the body and make you feel ill. They may also directly damage cells

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13
Q

How do viruses cause disease

A

Viruses take over cells in your body. They live and reproduce inside cells in the body: damaging and destroying them

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14
Q

Whta are common disease symptoms

A
  • Common disease symptoms include :high temperature , headaches and rashes
  • They are how the body responds to cell damage and toxins produced by pathogens
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15
Q

What are the three main ways that pathogens can be spread

A

Water-Some pathogens can be picked up by drinking or bathing in contaminated(with the pathogen) water e,g cholera

Air-Some pathogens can be carried by the air and breathed in , infecting people. These pathogens can be carried through the air by droplets containing pathogens produced when you cough or sneeze

Direct contact-Some pathogens can be picked up by touching surfaces tyat are contaminated with that pathogen. Some pathogens can also be passed from one person to another by direct contact of the skin

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16
Q

What are the symptoms of measels

A

-The symptomns of measels are fever and a red skin rash

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17
Q

How is the measels virus spread

A
  • Measels is spread through the inhalation of droplets from the coughs or sneezes of the infected person and it is very infectious
  • It can cause blindness and brain damage
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18
Q

What is the treatment for measels

A

There is no treatments avaliable once you have got measels so if someone gets infected tehy need to be isolated to stop the spread of the disease

-There are now vaccinations avaliable

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19
Q

What does Tobbaco mosaic virus cause on plants leaves

A

-TMV causes a distinct mosaic pattern of discolouration on the leaves of plants as the virus destroye the cells in the leaf

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20
Q

How does TMV affect the growth of plants

A

TMV affects the growth of plants as the affected areas of the plant(areas where the discolouration is present) cannot now photosynthesise. This can affect the yield of the crop

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21
Q

How is Tobbaco mosaic virus spread

A
  • Tobbaco mosaic virus is spread by cantact between diesased plant material and healthy plants
  • It is also spread by insects which act as vectors for TMV
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22
Q

What is the treatment available for TMV

A
  • There is no avaliable treatment for TMV and farmers now grow TMV resistant strains of many plants
  • TMV remains infectious in the soil for 50 years
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23
Q

What are the symptoms of HIV virus

A

-HIV initially causes a mild ,flu-like illness.HIV then begins to attack the immune system. After the intial flu like illness it remains hidden within the immune system until the immune system is do badly damaged it can no longer deal with infections or cancers . At this point the person has developed AIDS

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24
Q

How is HIV spread

A

HIV is spread by direct sexual contact

  • It is also spread through the exchange of body fluids e.g blood which can be exchanged when drug users share needles or unscreened blood is transfused.
  • HIV can also be spread from mother to child in breast milk
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25
Q

How can the spread of HIV be prevented

A
  • there is no treatment/ vaccine for HIV
  • However its spread can be prevented by not sharing needles, screening blood for a transfusion,using a condom and HiV positive mothers breastfeeding their children
26
Q

How can HIV be prevented from developing into AIDS

A

To prevent HIV from developing into AIDs the person who has HiV can take antiretroviral drugs. The antiretroviral drugs prevent the development of AIDS for many years and allow the HiV positive person to have an almost normal life expectancy

27
Q

What are salmonella

A

Salmonella are bacteria that live in the guts of many different animals . They can be found in raw meat , poultry ,eggs and egg produce

28
Q

What are the common causes of infection for salmonella

A

Salmonella is caused by:

  • Eating undercooked food where the bacteria have not been killed by heating
  • Eating food prepared in unhygenic conditions where the food is contaminated with salmonella bacteria from raw meat
29
Q

What are the symptoms of salmonella food poisining

A

The symptoms of salmonella food poisoning include

  • fever
  • vomiting
  • abdominal cramps
  • diarrhoea

Salmonella disrupts the balance on natural bacteria in the gut

30
Q

How can you control the spread of salmonella

A

To control the spread of salmonella

  • Keep raw chicken away from food that is eaten uncooked
  • Dont wash raw chicken(as this spreads bacteria)
  • Wash hands and surfaces well after handling raw chicken
  • Cook chicken thourougly

-In the UK poultry are vaccinated against salmonella to prevent its spread

31
Q

What is gonorrhoea

A

Gonorrhoea is a sexually- transmitted disease

32
Q

How is gonorrhoea transmitted

A

Gonorrhoea is transmitted through having unprotected sex with an infected individual

33
Q

What are the symptoms for gonorrhoea

A

Gonorrhoea has symptoms in the early stages but then becomes relativley symptomless

  • Symptoms in the early stages include a thick yellow or green discharge from the penis or vagina and pain when urinating
  • Untreated gonorrhoea can cause long term pelvic pain,ectopic pregnancy and infertility
34
Q

How is gonorrhoea treated

A
  • Gonorrhoea is bacterial so can be treated with antibiotics . It used to be easily treated with penecillin but now has become harder to treat due to antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria developing
  • All sexual partners of the infected individual need to take antibiotics to cure gonorrhoea
  • the spread of Gonorrhoea can also be decreased by using barrier methods of contraception such as condoms and reducing sexual partners
35
Q

What is rose black spot

A

Rose black spot is a fungal infection that affects rose leaves

36
Q

What does rose black spot disease cause

A
  • Rose black spot disease causes purple/black spot sto develop on the leaves of plants
  • It can also cause leaves on the plant to turn yellow and drop early. This weakens the plant as it reduces the area of leaves avaliable for photosynthesis . As a result the plant doesnt flower as well
37
Q

How is rose black spot fungal disease spread

A

The spores of the rose black spot fungal are carried by the environment, in the wind. They are further spread by the rain in drips of water that splash from one leaf or plant to another

-The spores stay dormant over winter on the dead leaves of rose stems

38
Q

How can the spread of rose black spot disease be prevented

A
  • The spread of rose black spot disease can be prevented by removing and burning infected leaves or stems
  • The spread can also be stopped using effective chemical fungicides
39
Q

What is malaria caused by

A
  • Malaria is caused by a protist

- Protists are pathogens that are parasites -they live and feed on other living organisms

40
Q

What do mosquitos do to protists

A

Mosquiteos act as vectors for the protist. They pass the protist into the human bloodstream . The protist then travels around the bloodstream in the circularitory system.

41
Q

What does malaria cause

A

Malaria causes recurrant episodes of fever and shaking when protists burst out of red blood cells

-It can be fatal

42
Q

How can malaria be prevented

A

Malaria can be prevented using

  • Insecticide insect nets to prevent mosquitoes biting humans and passing on the protist
  • Preventing the vectors from breeding by removing standing water in the home
  • Antimalarial drugs can be taken for travellers
  • using insecticides to kill mosquitoes in homes and offices
43
Q

How does the skin act as a defence mechanism to stop microorganisms getting into the body

A
  • Skin firstly acts as a barrier to stop bacteria and viruses reaching the tissues beneath
  • The skin also produces antimicrobial secretions that destroy pathogenetic bacteria
  • Healthy skin is also covered with microorganisms that help keep you healthy and act as an extra barrier for pathogens
44
Q

What are the defences of the respiratory and digestive systems against pathogens

A
  • The nose is full of hairs and the nose produces a sticky liquid called mucus. The hairs and the mucus trap particles in the air that may contain pathogens
  • The trachea and bronchi secrete mucus that traps pathogens from the air . The lining of the tubes is covered with cillia (tiny hair like projections from cells). The cillia beat and waft the mucus (which has the pathogens trapped) up into the back of the throat where it is swallowed
  • The stomach then produces acid that destroys the microorganisms in the swallowed mucus
45
Q

What is the second line of defence in the body and why is it important

A
  • The second line of defense in the body are the white blood cells and the immune system. They try to destroy pathogens that enter the body
  • The second line of defense is needed because despite the initial defense mechanisms some pathogens still enter the body
46
Q

What do phagocytes do

A

Phagocytes engulf pathogens and gradually break them down making them harmless

47
Q

What do lymphocytes do in general

A

Lymphocytes in general produce antibodies in response to foreign antigens

48
Q

What do these lymphocytes do more specifically

A
  • Each lymphocyte produces a specific antibody
  • These antibodies attatch to antigens on pathogens and destroy the pathogens

-The lymphocytes also make many clones of themselves and once the infection is cleared the lymphocytes remain as memory lymphocytes remain in the bloodstream so they can attack the oathogen if it reenters the body

49
Q

What else can lymphocytes do

A

Lymphocytes also produce antitoxins which cancel out the effects of a pathogens toxins

50
Q

What can happen with the different defense systems in the body

A

-In the body the different defense systems can woek together to prevent disease e.g white blood cells can destroy bacteria trapped by mucus

51
Q

What are aphids

A

Aphids are a group of insect pests

52
Q

What do aphids do in plants

A

Aphids have sharp mouthpieces that penetrate into the phloem cells of plants so they can feed off the food in the phloem

53
Q

Why are aphids such a big problem

A
  • Aphids deprive plant cells of glucose from photosynthesis that is being transported by the phloem via translocation
  • Aphids also act as vectors, transporting viruses,bacteria and funfi via their mouthpeice from diseased plants to healthy ones
54
Q

How can aphids be gotten rid of

A
  • Aphids can be gotten rid of using chemical pesticides
  • Aphids can also be gotten rid of by releasing ladybirds(that eat aphids) into enclosed spaces where the population of aphids is high
55
Q

See the other flashcards for info about mineral deficiencies

A

See other flashcards (💮)

56
Q

What are some physical barriers plants have to resist invasion of microorganism

A

Some physical barriers are

  • Plants have a thick waxy cuticle which acts as a barrier to the entry of pathogens
  • Plants have cellulose cell walls which help resist invasion by microorganisms
  • Plants may have bark or a layer of dead cells around their stems which acts as a protective layer that is hard to penetrate
  • Plants also may lose their leaves , when they do lose their leaves any pathogens that have infected the leaves will also fall off
57
Q

What chemical barriers does a plant have to deter the invasion of microorgansims and deter attacks from herbovores

A
  • Many plants produce antibacterial chemicals that protect them against invading pathogens(bacteria)
  • Many plants also produce poisons to deter attacks from herbivorss
58
Q

What are some mechanical apadatations of plants to deter attack

A
  • Plants may have thorns to make it unpleasant for animals to eat them
  • Plains may also have hairy stems to deter herbivores from feeding on them or laying eggs
  • Plants may use mimicry to deter attack e,g they may mimic rhe appearance of an unwell plant in order to deter attack
  • Plants may also have leaves that droop / curl when touched
59
Q

What simple hygiene steps can you take to reduce the spread of a pathogen

A

Simple hygiene steps include

  • Hand washing
  • Using disinfectants on toilets or kitchen work surfaces in order to reduce the amount of pathogens on them
  • Keeping raw meat away from food that is eaten uncooked to prevent the spread of pathogens
  • Coughing and sneezing into a tissue
  • Maintaining the hygiene of people and agricultural machinery to reduce the spread of plant diseases
60
Q

How else can you stop the spread pf pathogens in the body

A
  • You can also stop the spread of pathogens in the body by isolating the infected individuals. Isolating them means they will come into contact with less healthy individuals, the less healthy individuals they come into contact with , the less the pathogen will spread
  • Plants with diseases can also be isolated
61
Q

How can the spread of communicable diseases carried by vectors be reduced

A

The spread of diseases caused by vectors can be reduced by killing the vectors e.g mosquitoes

62
Q

What happens during vaccination

A

During vaccination , doctors introduce a dead/weakened form of the pathogen into your body. If you then come into contact with the live pathogen it will cause less damage

Year 11 Biology (5 decks)

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