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B456 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Contrast the contents of animal cells, plant cells, yeast and bacteria.

A

Animal cells have a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane and mitochondria.
Plant cells have the above and a cell wall, vacuole and chloroplasts.
Yeast are the same animal cells though they have a cell wall.
Bacteria have a cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm and a circular DNA molecule.

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1
Q

What is the function of the nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane and mitochondria?

A

Nucleus - contains DNA for making proteins.
Cytoplasm - enzymes are made here and some reactions occur here.
Cell membrane - controls what goes in and out.
Mitochondria - where aerobic respiration occurs.

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2
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A protein that speeds up a chemical reaction.

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3
Q

How are enzymes specific?

A

The lock and key model shows that one substrate fits only one enzyme’s active site. Also, they have optimum temperature and pH - the enzyme denatures if these change too much.

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4
Q

What is respiration? What is the energy released used for?

A

Respiration is a series of chemical reactions that release energy by breaking down large food molecules. The energy released is used for movement, active transport and synthesis of large molecules.

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5
Q

What are the word equations for aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

A

Aerobic - Glucose + oxygen -> Carbon dioxide + Water
Anaerobic in animals - Glucose -> Lactic acid
Anaerobic in plants and yeast - Glucose -> Ethanol + Carbon dioxide

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6
Q

What can fermentation be used for?

A

Production of biogas, bread and alcohol.

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7
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide + Water -> Glucose + Oxygen

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8
Q

What three main ways do plants use glucose?

A

Respiration
Chemicals for Growth
Starch

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9
Q

What three factors can limit photosynthesis?

A

Amount of light
Amount of carbon dioxide
Temperature

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10
Q

How can you take a transect?

A

1) Run a tape measure between two points.
2) Move along the tape measure and collect the data you want.
3) Keep going till you reach the end of the transect.

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11
Q

What other three things apart from a transect can be used to collect data about photosynthesis?

A

Identification key
Light meter
Quadrat

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12
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The passive overall movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

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13
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Diffusion of water through a partially permeable membrane.

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14
Q

What is active transport?

A

The overall movement of chemicals across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration using energy released from respiration.

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15
Q

How do nucleotides pair up?

A

Adenine with Thymine

Cytosine with Guanine

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16
Q

How does DNA code for proteins?

A

Each triplet of three bases codes for one amino acids.

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17
Q

How are proteins made?

A

Messenger RNA makes a copy of the DNA. It then moves out of the nucleus and joins with a ribosome. The ribosome then joins amino acids together into a protein.

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18
Q

Outline how mitosis occurs.

A

The cell grows and the DNA splits. The cell then duplicates the content of the DNA. The cell then forms chromosomes. The chromosomes line up and cell fibres pull them apart. The two sets form membranes, and finally the cytoplasm divides. This forms two cells identical to the original.

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19
Q

How many chromosomes do human gametes have?

A

23

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20
Q

How does meiosis occur?

A

The original cell first duplicates its contents and the pairs are then pulled apart, forming two new cells. In the second division, the individual arms of the chromosomes are pulled apart. This forms four gametes with only one set of chromosomes in each.

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21
Q

How do adult and embryonic stem cells differ? How can each be used to cure disease?

A

Adult stem cells are not entirely undifferentiated, and can be used to cure blood diseases by replacing faulty blood cells, whereas until the eight cell stage, all embryonic stem cells can become any type of cell, which means that they could be used to cure almost any disease, however, some people think this is unethical.

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22
Q

How can stem cells be made by cloning?

A

1) Take an egg cell and remove its nucleus.
2) A nucleus which is to be cloned is inserted into the egg cell.
3) Inactive genes can be turned on to form an embryo. Embryonic stem cells can be removed from the embryo.

23
Q

What are meristems?

A

Meristems are the only mitotically active parts of plants. They act like stem cells, and can become any specialised cell.

24
Q

How can cuttings be used to form clones?

A

Cuttings taken from a growing part of a plant contain meristems. These can thus be used to grow an identical plant. This is an important part of selective breeding.

25
Q

How does rooting powder help cuttings grow?

A

Rooting powder contains auxins, which help the plant to grow very quickly.

26
Q

What is phototropism and where does it occur in a plant?

A

Phototropism is growing away or towards light. Shoots are positively phototropic and roots are negatively phototropic.

27
Q

How do auxins help a plant to grow towards light?

A

Auxins accumulate on the side of a plant in the shade. This causes the plant to elongate on that side and the shoot grows towards the light.

28
Q

How do nucleotides pair up?

A

Adenine with Thymine

Cytosine with Guanine

29
Q

How does DNA code for proteins?

A

Each triplet of three bases codes for one amino acids.

30
Q

How are proteins made?

A

Messenger RNA makes a copy of the DNA. It then moves out of the nucleus and joins with a ribosome. The ribosome then joins amino acids together into a protein.

31
Q

Outline how mitosis occurs.

A

The cell grows and the DNA splits. The cell then duplicates the content of the DNA. The cell then forms chromosomes. The chromosomes line up and cell fibres pull them apart. The two sets form membranes, and finally the cytoplasm divides. This forms two cells identical to the original.

32
Q

How many chromosomes do human gametes have?

A

23

33
Q

How does meiosis occur?

A

The original cell first duplicates its contents and the pairs are then pulled apart, forming two new cells. In the second division, the individual arms of the chromosomes are pulled apart. This forms four gametes with only one set of chromosomes in each.

34
Q

How do adult and embryonic stem cells differ? How can each be used to cure disease?

A

Adult stem cells are not entirely undifferentiated, and can be used to cure blood diseases by replacing faulty blood cells, whereas until the eight cell stage, all embryonic stem cells can become any type of cell, which means that they could be used to cure almost any disease, however, some people think this is unethical.

35
Q

How can stem cells be made by cloning?

A

1) Take an egg cell and remove its nucleus.
2) A nucleus which is to be cloned is inserted into the egg cell.
3) Inactive genes can be turned on to form an embryo. Embryonic stem cells can be removed from the embryo.

36
Q

What are meristems?

A

Meristems are the only mitotically active parts of plants. They act like stem cells, and can become any specialised cell.

37
Q

How can cuttings be used to form clones?

A

Cuttings taken from a growing part of a plant contain meristems. These can thus be used to grow an identical plant. This is an important part of selective breeding.

38
Q

How does rooting powder help cuttings grow?

A

Rooting powder contains auxins, which help the plant to grow very quickly.

39
Q

What is phototropism and where does it occur in a plant?

A

Phototropism is growing away or towards light. Shoots are positively phototropic and roots are negatively phototropic.

40
Q

How do auxins help a plant to grow towards light?

A

Auxins accumulate on the side of a plant in the shade. This causes the plant to elongate on that side and the shoot grows towards the light.

41
Q

What is the difference between the CNS and the PNS?

A

The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord.

The PNS consists of all other nerves.

42
Q

Outline how the nervous system responds to a stimulus.

A

Stimulus, receptor, sensory neurone, CNS, motor neurone, effector, response.

43
Q

How do neurones function?

A

The electrical impulses pass down the axon. These are often surrounded by a fatty sheath to insulate them from neighbouring cells. They work very quickly.

44
Q

How do synapses function?

A

A synapse is the gap between two neurones. When an impulse reaches the end of a neurone, transmitter chemicals are released across the synapse. These bind to receptor molecules on the next neurone. These trigger an electrical impulse.

45
Q

How do drugs like ecstasy interfere with neurones?

A

They can block the receptor molecules. This increases neurotransmitter concentration. This can affect people’s mood.

46
Q

Reflexes pass through where in the CNS?

A

A relay neurone.

47
Q

How can reflexes increase chances of survival?

A

Finding food - sea anemones wave tentacles more when stimulated by their prey.
Sheltering from predators.

48
Q

How can reflexes be modified by the brain?

A

The response can be overridden by a neurone between the brain and the motor neurone.

49
Q

Describe the experiment of Pavlov’s dogs.

A

Dogs salivate when they smell food. Pavlov rang a bell before he gave them food. Eventually they salivated when listening to a bell without food. This is a conditioned reflex. These can increase chances of survival - birds can learn to avoid brightly coloured caterpillars.

50
Q

How can the brain develop?

A

When a newborn baby experiences new things, neurones branch out and cells become interconnected. Frequently used neural pathways strengthen, while lesser pathways die off after the age of ten.

51
Q

Explain how critical periods are important for learning.

A

With regards to the example of speaking, it is essential that children hear speech before the age of ten. This is supported by studies of feral children, like the wild boy of Aveyron.

52
Q

What is the function of the cerebral cortex?

A

It has a large role in intelligence, memory, language and consciousness.

53
Q

Describe three methods for studying the brain.

A

Studying patients with brain damage - if an area was damaged, and the patient went blind, then the area must be to do with vision. Electrically stimulating the brain is also useful, as the effects can lead to useful conclusions. MRI scans can build a high quality picture of the brains’ structures.

54
Q

Outline the memory multi-store model.

A

Information goes into short term memory. This is either forgotten or repeated into long-term memory. This can then be retrieved into short term memory.

Biology (3 decks)

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