B4 Organising animals (Circulatory and Respiratory Systems)

Question 1

What 4 things is blood made of?

Answer 1

Blood is a tissue which contains;

• plasma,
• red blood cells,
• white blood cells
• platelets.

Question 2

What are artificial pacemakers used for?

Answer 2

Artificial pacemakers are tiny battery powered electrical devices wired up to the heart to correct irregularities in the heart rate.

They can shock the heart into contracting if it stops.

Question 3

What is the job of the platelets?

Answer 3

The platelets are involved in clotting.

Question 4

Name the 5 main blood vessels of the heart.

Answer 4

The 5 blood vessels of the heart are the

• aorta,
• vena cava,
• pulmonary artery,
• pulmonary vein
• coronary artery.

Question 5

Are platelets a type of blood cell?

Answer 5

No platelets aren’t a type of blood cell. They are fragments of cells and have no nucleus.

Question 6

Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages in having a heart transplant.

Answer 6

The advantage of a heart transplant is that it can save your life but the disadvantages are that 1) There is a shortage of compatible heart donors available and many people die while on the waiting list. 2) You have to take drugs for the rest of your life to prevent your immune system attacking this foreign object.

Question 7

Why would someone have heart bypass surgery?

Answer 7

Heart bypass surgery replaces the blocked blood vessels around the heart in people who have heart disease. It is a serious operation because it needs a general anaesthetic and is only carried out if stents will not work.

Question 8

What do statins do?

Answer 8

Statins are drugs which reduce blood cholesterol levels. They slow down the build up of fatty plaques in the coronary arteries of anyone at risk from heart disease.

Question 9

How is a capillary adapted to its job?

Answer 9

A capillary is adapted to its job by having a very thin wall so materials can move quickly through it.

Question 11

What is the job of the heart?

Answer 11

The heart is an organ that pumps blood around the body.

Question 12

What is the job of the white blood cells?

Answer 12

The job of the white blood cells is to defend the body from foreign invaders such as microbes.

Question 13

What is the name of the process which allows oxygen to move from the alveoli (air sacs) in the lungs into the red blood cells?

Answer 13

Diffusion the process which allows oxygen to move from the alveoli (air sacs) in the lungs into the red blood cells.

Question 14

Starting with the mouth and nose follow the path of the oxygen molecule as it enters the blood.

Answer 14

An oxygen molecule travels into

the trachea,

the bronchi,

the alveoli (air sac)

tiny blood vessels called capillaries

& finally into the red blood cell.

Question 15

What does muscular tissue do?

Answer 15

Muscular tissue is made of lots of muscle cells. They contract to move the body.

Question 16

What problems can happen with heart valves and what is the solution?

Answer 16

Heart valves may become faulty, preventing the valve from opening fully/ develop a leak.

Faulty heart valves can be replaced using biological (from an animal or human donor) or mechanical (man-made) valves

Question 17

What are cells?

Answer 17

Cells are the basic building blocks of all living organisms

Question 18

What is the job of an artery?

Answer 18

Arteries carry oxygenated blood under high pressure from the heart to respiring cells and tissues.

Question 19

What is a tissue?

(Not something you blow your nose on!)

Answer 19

A tissue is a group of cells with a similar structure and function.

Question 20

What is the job of the plasma?

Answer 20

The job of the plasma is to

1) carry the red and white blood cells
2) carry dissolved food, CO2, urea and proteins for clotting

Question 21

What are the advantages and disadvantages of treating diseased hearts by replacing them with an artificial heart?

Answer 21

Artificial hearts are expensive, don’t work forever and blood can clot inside them.

There are 2 possible advantages: 1) They are only used as a short-term measure to keep patients alive until a biological donor heart can be found

2) They are put in alongside the diseased heart to allow the original heart to rest and repair.

Question 22

What are organs?

Answer 22

Organs are collections of different types of tissues with a special job to do

e.g. heart pumps blood, stomach digests food, liver breakes down chemicals

Question 23

How is an artery adapted to do its job?

Answer 23

Arteries have 1) a thick muscular layer in their wall so they can stretch under high pressure but not tear whenever the heart forces blood along them .

2) a narrow lumen (hole) to keep blood flowing at high pressure.

Question 24

What is the advantage of a double circulation?

Answer 24

In a double circulatory system the blood travels through the heart twice. This keeps the blood pressure high so it moves oxygen and food quickly to where it is needed.

Question 25

What are the advantages and disadvantages of mechanical and biological replacements for faulty heart valves?

Answer 25

Mechanical heart valves are made of titanium and polymers and will last a long time. However you have to take drugs for the rest of your life to stop blood clotting around them. These drugs have the side effect of preventing the patient from carrying a baby. Biological replacements for faulty heart valves are given by human and animal donors. They work very well but only last 12-15 years. Scientists have been trialling a methos of making these valves last longer.

Question 26

There are 2 sides to the heart. Where does blood go to from each half?

Answer 26

The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs where gas exchange takes place. The left ventricle pumps blood around the rest of the body

Question 27

How is a white blood cell adapted to do its job?

Answer 27

There are many types of white blood cells and their jobs vary. You are correct if you said that some can change shape to squeeze between cells, chase invading microbes and engulf and destroy them. Others respond to foreign proteins (antigens) by making antibodies. Others make antitoxins to mop up poisons released by microbes.

Question 28

How does having a faulty heart valve affect a person?

Answer 28

People with faulty heart valves find it hard to get enough oxygen to their cells, get exhausted by ordinary activites and can eventually die.

Question 29

Which artery gets partially blocked in heart disease?

Answer 29

in heart disease the coronary artery gets partially blocked by fatty deposits known as plaques.

Question 30

How is a red blood cell adapted to do its job?

Answer 30

You are correct if you suggested one of these adaptations to carry oxygen; * it is small & smooth to fit into tiny capillaries. * It has a biconcave shape to give it a large surface area to allow rapid diffusion. * no nucleus so there is more room to carry oxygen * it is full of haemoglobin which binds with oxygen.

Question 31

Give 2 ways that a vein is adapted to its job.

Answer 31

A vein is adapted to its job by 1) having a wide lumen so that blood under low pressure can trickle back into it from the tissues. 2) It contains valves to prevent back flow so that blood can only travel towards the heart.

Question 32

What is the job of the red blood cells?

Answer 32

The job of the red blood cells is to carry oxygen to respiring tissues and cells.

Question 33

What is meant by gaseous exchange?

Answer 33

Gaseous exchange means the transfer of oxygen from lungs into the blood and carbon dioxide the other way from blood to lungs.

Question 34

Are respiration and breathing the same thing?

Answer 34

No, respiration is a chemical reaction which uses oxygen to release energy from our food. It happens in our cells. Breathing (or ventilation) means getting oxygen into your body.

Question 35

What is the job of a vein?

Answer 35

The job of a vein is to collect slow moving deoxygenated blood from the tissues and return it to the heart.

Question 36

What is a stent?

Answer 36

A stent is a metal mesh place in an artery to keep it open and allow blood to flow. It is often used in the coronary artery to prevent heart attacks.

Question 37

Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of treating cardiovascular diseases by drugs,

Answer 37

The advantages of treating cardiovascular diseases by drugs such as statins are that they are available immediately. The disadvantage is that they have some unwanted side effects.

Question 38

What has to happen for air to enter the lungs?

Answer 38

* your diaphragm contracts and pulls down * your intercostal muscles between your ribs contract to lift your ribcage up and out. * this makes the space in your chest bigger. * this means is has a lower presure than the air * air then rushes down your windpipe/ trachea and into your lungs.

Question 39

How does inhaled air differ from exhaled air?

Answer 39

Inhaled air has more oxygen in it than exhaled air because the body has used it in respiration. Exhaled air has more carbon dioxide than inhaled air because it is a waste product of repiration. The nitrogen that makes up most of the air doesn't change because the body doesn't use it.

Question 40

What is the job of a capillary?

Answer 40

The job of a capillary is to allow the movement of nutrients such as food and gases between blood and tissues.

Question 41

What do we mean by ventilation?

Answer 41

Ventilation is normally called breathing. It describes air rushing into your lungs and out again.

Question 42

What is an organ system?

Answer 42

Organ systems are a collection of different organs which do a particular job in the body. e.g. cadiovascular/ circulatory system (heart and blood) digestive system (food breakdown and absorption) the respiratory system (gaseous exchange)

Question 43

Name the 3 different types of blood vessels.

Answer 43

The body contains three different types of blood vessel: • arteries • veins • capillaries

Question 44

Describe in 3 points what happens in coronary heart disease.

Answer 44

In coronary heart disease * layers of fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries, narrowing them. * This reduces the flow of blood through the coronary arteries, * resulting in a lack of oxygen for the heart muscle.

Question 45

What happens in clotting?

Answer 45

In clotting there is a series of enzyme controlled reactions which start with platelets and ends when soluble fibrinogen is turned into solid fibers of fibrin. This creates a net to catch red blood cells and platelets and make a clot to stop bleeding.

Question 46

How are lungs adapted for gaseous exchange?

Answer 46

Lungs are adapted in 4 ways by; * having a good blood supply, * thin walls * a large surface area * being wet.

Question 47

What type of cells control the natural resting rate of the heart?

Answer 47

The natural resting heart rate is controlled by a group of pacemaker cells in the right atrium.