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GCSE Biology (Edexcel) > B4- Natural Selection and Genetic Modification > Flashcards

B4- Natural Selection and Genetic Modification Flashcards

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1
Q

What is evolution?

A

The gradual change in a species over time

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2
Q

Who came up with the theory of natural selection to explain how evolution occurs?

A

Charles Darwin

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3
Q

What can individuals of the same species do, which individuals of different species cannot?

A

Reproduce viable offspring

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4
Q

What can be used to study human evolution over time?

A

Fossils

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5
Q

Why can’t fossils show smooth changes over time?

A

As not all fossils have been discovered yet.

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6
Q

Nickname for “Homo habilis”

A

Leaky 1

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7
Q

Nickname for “Ardipithecus remidus”

A

Ardi

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8
Q

Nickname for “Homo erectus”

A

Leaky 2

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9
Q

Nickname for “Australopithecus afarensis”

A

Lucy

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10
Q

How old is Lucy?

A

3.2 million years old

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11
Q

How old is Leaky 2?

A

1.6 million years old

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12
Q

How old is Ardi?

A

4.4 million years old

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13
Q

How old is Leaky 1?

A

2.4 - 1.4 million years old

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14
Q

Out of Ardi, Lucy and Leaky 2, which was the shortest?

A

Lucy

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15
Q

Do all of the four hominids walk upright?

A

Yes, although Lucy’s toes were more curved than the rest.

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16
Q

What else is evidence for human evolution?

A

Stone tools

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17
Q

When was the earliest evidence for stone tools being used by human-like animals found?

A

3.3 million years ago.

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18
Q

How can scientists age stone tools when they are found underground?

A

They can assume that the rock around the tool is the same age and then age the rock to find a rough estimate.

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19
Q

Are rocks closer to the surface of the Earth older or younger?

A

Younger

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20
Q

What are the 4 stages that lead to evolution?

A

Genetic Variation
Competition
Natural Selection
Inheritance

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21
Q

What is Genetic Variation?

A

When individuals in a population vary in their characteristics due to differences in their genes

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22
Q

What is the definition of Competition in biology?

A

When individuals compete for resources. Some individuals will be better adapted so will get more of the resources.

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23
Q

What is Natural Selection?

A

When individuals with better adapted variations are more likely to survive and reproduce.

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24
Q

What is Inheritance?

A

When the next generation of a species contain the better adapted genes in their genome.

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25
Q

What was the name of Charles Darwin’s book?

A

The Origin of the Species.

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26
Q

What was the name of Charles Darwin’s boat?

A

The Beagle.

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27
Q

Where did Charles Darwin stop to discover his theory of evolution?

A

The Golapogus Islands.

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28
Q

What did Charles Darwin find when he investigated the Golapogus Islands?

A

That finches on different islands had developed different beaks to be better adapted to capture and eat their primary food source.

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29
Q

Who was the other scientist that worked on similar theories to Darwin?

A

Alfred Russel Wallace.

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30
Q

Where did Alfred Russel Wallace travel to?

A

Indonesia.

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31
Q

What did Wallace discover when he studied Indonesian species?

A

He found there was a large difference in species between two sides of an invisible line running through Indonesia. Marsupials on the Oceania side and Mammals on the Asian.

32
Q

Who were both Darwin and Wallace inspired by?

A

Thomas Malthus.

33
Q

What is the name of a limb with 5 fingers?

A

A pentadactyl limb.

34
Q

According to Darwin, what does the pentadactyl limb demonstrate?

A

That evolution links back to a common ancestor.

35
Q

What did Darwin’s findings challenge?

A

Religion

36
Q

What does the study on different coloured moths tell us about adaptation?

A

That if a prey is camouflaged into its surroundings, it is more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on its gene for its colour.

37
Q

What causes Inherited Variation?

A

Sexual Reproduction.

38
Q

What trait have some bacteria inherited which is causing an issue for humans?

A

An antibiotic resistance.

39
Q

What do bacteria with higher antibiotic resistance have a higher chance of?

A

Survival.

40
Q

What will happen if the amount of antibiotic is kept at a constant?

A

All bacteria will eventually have a resistance to antibiotics.

41
Q

What can scientists use to classify organisms?

A

Physical characteristics.

42
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms?

A 
Prokaryotes 
Fungi 
Plants 
Animals 
Protoctists
43
Q

Which kingdom does seaweed belong to?

A

Protoctists.

44
Q

Which kingdom doesn’t have a nucleus?

A

Prokaryotes

45
Q

Which kingdom has a cell wall made of chitin?

A

Fungi

46
Q

Which kingdom doesn’t have a cell wall?

A

Animals

47
Q

Which kingdoms cell wall is made up of cellulose?

A

Plants

48
Q

What can animals be split into?

A

Vertebrates and Invertebrates

49
Q

What can vertebrates be split into?

A

Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds and Mammals. (FARBM)

50
Q

Give two details about binomial names.

A

They are in Latin.
They are either in italics or underlined.
The genus is the first word.
The species is the second word.

51
Q

What are the 3 domains of Life?

A

Archaea
Eukarya
Bacteria

52
Q

Which domain has a nucleus?

A

Eukarya.

53
Q

Which domain has no unused sections of DNA?

A

Bacteria.

54
Q

Which domain has no nucleus and some unused sections of DNA?

A

Archaea.

55
Q

What is Artificial (Selective) Breeding?

A

When humans choose certain organisms because they have useful characteristics, such as sheep with thick wool.

56
Q

What is the name for an animal species with different types within it?

A

Breeds.

57
Q

What is the term for plants of a species with different types within the species?

A

Varieties.

58
Q

How do you create a genetically modified organism (GMO)?

A

By adding an unrelated gene to another organism.

59
Q

What is Genetic Engineering?

A

When you change the genome of an organism by inserting genes from another.

60
Q

What is Tissue Culture?

A

The growing of cells or tissues in a liquid containing nutrients or on a solid medium (such as nutrient agar).

61
Q

What is a callus?

A

A hard formation of tissue.

62
Q

What does “Sterilised” mean and why must everything used in tissue culture be sterile?

A

Sterilised means that all microorganisms have been killed.

Everything must be sterile because if not, the microorganisms will grow quickly and destroy the cells.

63
Q

Why would tissue culture be used?

A

To produce new plants of rare species at threat of extinction.
To grow plants that are difficult to grow from seeds.
To produce genetically identical plants.

64
Q

What is added during tissue culture which means that plants develop roots and shoots?

A

Hormones.

65
Q

Give an example of how tissue culture can be used in medicine.

A

Studying viruses which cannot replicate outside of cells.
Studying cancers.
Studying how cells communicate.

66
Q

Name two risks of selective breeding.

A
  • Some alleles become rare or disappear due to only certain alleles being selectively bred.
  • Products of selective breeding are all very similar so if there is a change in conditions a lot of the organisms will be affected.
  • Breeding close relatives can create genetic deformities.
  • Breeding animals may not always be best for the animal.
67
Q

What is Insulin?

A

A hormone produces by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels.

68
Q

What does Type 1 Diabetes do to the body?

A

The pancreas cannot make insulin.

69
Q

What is the name of the enzyme that removes genes from DNA?

A

Restriction enzymes.

70
Q

What does cutting strands of DNA leave you with.

A

Sticky ends. (Jagged ends of DNA).

71
Q

What is an advantage of producing insulin through bacteria instead of through animals?

A
  • Producing insulin through genetically modified bacteria is a lot cheaper than through animals.
  • It is also more ethical to farm insulin through genetically modified bacteria rather than animals.
72
Q

What is a crop?

A

Something that is grown to produce a useful product.

73
Q

What is Biological Control?

A

When organisms are used to control pests.

74
Q

What is the main risk when using biological control?

A

Their is a risk that the control agent can become a pest itself. (Example of cane toads in Australia).

75
Q

What are the three main products in fertilisers?

A

Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium.

76
Q

Why do people use fertilisers?

A

As they increase yield in a crop and that out ways the price they cost.

GCSE Biology (Edexcel) (9 decks)

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