b4) english society & rebellions Flashcards
was there still a social elite/
- yes, remainsts of the fuedal system still existed, yet growth of the proffesional & commercial bourgeoisie
- traditionla nob & greater gentry wielded pol & ec infl
how did thesize of peerage change under h8?
- increased, yet by the end of the reign only 9 more than start- ‘natural wastage’ and attainders had offset growth
how could you gain a peerage?
- succesfsul roy service as a courtier or soldier
- close family relationship eg Edward Seymour= Earl of Hertford
what Dukes were there?
- only Edward Stafford, DoBuckingham, in 1509- never enjoyed h’s favour
- promoted:
- Norfolk: restored title held by his father
- Suffolk: close personal relationship w k- crit by some quaters eg Erasmus
did H give property to ppl?
yes, to exert auth over areas
- Suffolk- Lincolnshire property after 1536 reb + ordered to move there to exert auth in person
- John, Baron Russel- monastic land in Devon so auth in South West after execution of Marquis of Exeter, who’s been close w H but moved to Arogonese faction
did nobles provide armies?
- recruitment of royal armies
- Earl of Shrewsbury raised 4000+ men for invasion of France 1513
who was Thomas Fiennes?
- Baron Dacre of the South
- 1541 tried for the murder of a neigbours servant, convicted and hanged like a common criminal
which nobles were executed for their roles in 1536 reb?
- lords Darcy (helped rebs at pontefract castle, then denied it and said they forced himto) and Hussey
which of the King’s relatives did he punish?
- Henry Pole Baron Montague & Marquis of Exeter accused of treasonable conspiracy & executed
- Montague’s mother held in tower for two years then executed- harshest ounishment
what size was the gentry?
- abt 5000 gentry families in 1540
- increased under h8
- more ppl legally trained their sons- maybe for royal advancement
- many more JPs
what were knighthoods?
- a sign of royal favour- was assumed a knight would recieve income that reflected his status
- abt 200 knightly families in 1524
what were esquires & heralds?
- equires- gentlemen entitled tobear a coat of arms
- heralds c ertified this status
- bynow, heralds unwilling to grant the title to anyone w lands worth less tha £10 pa or goods worth under £300
how did commoners’ standards of living change?
- little change, but a drop in rela incomes de to a rise in inflation- ill feeling at Amicable Grant
what was the position o fmost ppl?
- little chance of regular employment & secure employment
- few possesions
- outbreaks of disorder common, rather than reb, which distrupted order of soc
how was the anglo-welsh border govenered?
- many areas governed by Council of Wales and the Marches: Glocseshire, Shropshire, Herefordshire, Worcestershire
- this was based in Ludlow in Shropshire
- it was good as it offered cheap & local acces to the law- good for those areas under it
what was wales like before 1536?
- separate terr from eng but in practise part of it
- were marcher lordships & principality of wales
- no unifoed administration or solid formal political link w eng
what did the Laws in Wales act 1536 do?
- divided wales into shirecounties- given same basis as eng counterparts & direct rep in HoC
- brought wales under eng’s legal framework
- this meant in practise the crown had control over wales, and little was separate bar fromm the survival of the welsh lang in some areas
who ended up having responsibility for control of wales?
- became role of aristocracy members eg EoPembroke & members of welsh gentry- controlle dcounty pol, then elected to Pa & infl in legal proffesions
what was the context of the anglo-scottish border?
- hard to police
- much remote & inhospitable in winter months
both sides known for lawlessness - cattle & sheep rustling & violence
SO - h8 split border into 3 marches- each under the jusrisdiction of a warden
what options did h8 have for appointing ppl in charge of the anglo-scottish marches?
- LOCAL NOBLE- but risk that they’s exploit their office & gain more power than king, plus he had little time for the great border magnate families, eg the Percy family
- or LOCAL GENTRY OFFICERS eg 1542 Thomas Lord Wharton, or those complete OUTSIDERS- more liekly to be completely loyal to k, but may exercise little infl over local ppl, who were loyal first to their local magnate
how did the north of eng pose problems of governance?
- h’s regime based far away in London
- shown by large no of supps of pilgrimage of grace 1536
how did h reintroduce the Counci; in the North?
- H & Cromwell re est it as permanent body, based in York
- no of admin & legal functions, with broad proffesional staff
- helped N to keep quiet, esp in the 1549 Summer of rebellions
what were the english palatinates?
- ## areas under seprate jurisdiction from the cronw- lancashire, cheshire, (largely under royal) Durham (bishop)
what was the Act Resuming Liberties to the Crown?
- 1536
- decreased local infl of the bishop in durham- but he still held some powers eg the PALATINE COURT OF CHANCERY still operated
what was the AMICABLE GRANT?
- 1525
- tax imposed by H & W to fund invasion of Fr in 1525
- levied w/o Pa’s apprpoval, using preorogative rights
- so begun distancing between H & W
who resisted the Amicable grant?
- peasanst/ L/C suffer most- alr hit by ec hardship
- wool producers & merchants in East Anglia hit hard- major resistanvce there
- resentment from nob & gentry who had to collect it, so unpop w the ppl
what resentment was there in 1513?
- subsidy to raise money for campaigns, but after resistamce in Yorkshire esp, taxation demands largely written off in some areas
where was there opp to the amicable grant?
- geog widespread but strongest in NORTH ESSEX & SOUTH SUFFOLK
- EoESSEX reported 1000 ppl gathered at Essex-Suffolk border, refusing to pay
- Dukes of Norfolk & Suffolk reported 4000 resisters - esp umemployed cloth workers who could not meet taxation demands
how did H handle the inital resistance to the 1525 amicable grant?
- W publically begged h to offer pardon to those he saw as his suffolk countrymen, so leaders treated leniantly
what lessons did h learn from the inital l1525 amicable grant resistance?
- could not operate defiant of tax payers’ wishes
- would have to raise extraordinary revenue other ways- eg cash from sale of monastic lands
what were the main points of the PONTEFRACT ARTICLES?
- a list of demands written by the pilgrimage of grace rebs in december 1536
- want to reinstate small religious houses
- klegitimise mary
- ask h to give up title as hotcoe
- est a parliamnet in either york or nottingham
- destroy any protestant reformers
what was the timeline fo the lincolnshire rsing & pilgrimage of grace?
-2oct lincolnshire rising begins at louth, spreads wider to Horncastle
- 8oct pilgrimage of grace begins in east riding of yorkshire under leadership of Robert Aske
18oct lincolnshire rising ends
- 26oct rebs meet Duke of Norfolk near Doncaster
- nov east & west riding rebs gradually disperse
- 3dec royal proclomation offering pardon to rebs
1537:
- 16jan renewed reb in east riding of yorkshire led by SIR FRANCIS BIGOD
how did the dissolution of the monastries casue the pilgrimage of grace?
- loss of charitable & educational functions
- possible loss of parish churches which were monastic properties
- fear that N would be impoverished by N land falling into S hands
- robert aske rlly liked them
who was robert aske?
- leader of pilgrimage of grace
- came up w its name
- joined various movements into a united whole
- tried to negotiate sett;ement w king but was executed after a renewed outbreak of reb 1537
- convinced supporter of monastries
what were the secular causes of the pilgrimage of grace?
- ec grievances dominated ordinary rebsls incl tax, less relig led than leaders (eg Aske)
- lincolnshire angry at crown’s attempts toimpose Duke of Suffoll as a great magnate there
- tenants’ greievances stir reb to spread west of pennines into cumberland & westmoreland
how did courtly conspiracy stir the pilgrimage of grace?
- prompted by supps of CoA (who’d died 1536)
- wished to restore princess mary as heir- able to exploit relig & fin concerns of Ns to enhance factional politics
how did the lincolnshire reb end?
- quickly collapsed when faced w forces of the duke of Suffolk
- yet N rebs occupied York & Hull and captured Pontefract Castle- worrying & alarming for h & his minsters
how did duke of norfolk deal w reb?
- snet north w an army, but was vastly outnumbered
- so he sought to diffuse reb w the issue of a pardon- promises that dissolved monastries would be restored & a free Pa est
- but the king had no intention of keeping these promises
- most rebs dispersed, so they secured their strategic objectives
how was the renewal of reb in helpful for h?
- start of1537
- in cumberland & east riding of yorkshire
- duke of norfolk quickly imposed martial law and crushed rebs, hung 74 rebs
- yet this relaxed to more merciful approach w legal process- lods darcy & hussey and heads of monastic houses brought to london to be properly tried & executed
what impact did the pilgrimage of grace have on h?
- shook him
- he had been poor in dealing w it- had ignored warnings abt increase in resentment which he did not want to hear
- was fortunate for norfolk’s common snese \& flexibility
- the pilgrimgae did not slow the pace of relig change tho
what discontent was there at the start of h8’s reign?
- v little sign of fundemental changes to the ch- W dissolved some monastries that were redundant & used their endwoments to fund educ purposes
- fullfilled needs of most ppl
- some complaints abt the worldliness of the clergy, but had improved to good quality by 16THcent
what discontent was there in 1530s early?
- h breaks from rome 1533 & becomes new head of eng ch
- executions of those who deny the royal supremacy eg thomas moore
- small min of ppl wlecomed this but most ppl did not supp relig change
what discontent was there to cromwell’s changes?
- his dissolution of monastries began in 1536
- royal injunstions of 1536 attacked many traditional catholic practises eg pilgrimage, the veneration of relics & holy days
- this provoked fears that parish churches may be attacked
- main conq is pilgrimgae of grace- accumalates from ecular concerns too
what happened in hexham in northumberland?
- royal commisioners(?) were prevented from starting dissolution process by a gathering of armed men
- this wa sbc the monastic church doubled up as a parish ch- durham’s mdid this too- communities went to huge lengths to protect their own
