B4 Bioenergetics Flashcards
<p>Where does <strong>photosynthesis</strong> take place?</p>
<p>Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplast of Plants and Algae</p>
<p>Is Photosynthesis an <strong>Exothermic </strong>or <strong>Endothermic </strong>reaction?</p>
<p>Photosynthesis is <strong>endothermic </strong>meaning it <strong>requires energy</strong></p>
<p>Where is the <strong>energy </strong>required for photosynthesis found?</p>
<p>Energy for photosynthesis is found from <strong>Sunlight</strong></p>
<p>What is the <strong>symbol equation</strong> for photosynthesis?</p>
<p>6CO2+6H2O → C6H12O6+6O2</p>
<p>What are the <strong>factors </strong>that affect the rate of photosynthesis?</p>
<ul> <li>Carbon Dioxide Concentration</li> <li>Temperature Light Intensity</li> <li>Chlorophyll concentration</li> </ul>
<p>At what temperature do <strong>enzymes </strong>start to <strong>denature </strong>in plants for Photosynthesis?</p>
<p>After 45 degrees, enzymes start to denature</p>
<p>What is a <strong>limiting factor</strong>?</p>
<p>A limiting factor is something that <strong>restricts </strong>the <strong>rate of reaction</strong></p>
<p>What different products can <strong>glucose</strong> be turned into?</p>
<ul> <li>Starch</li> <li>Proteins</li> <li>Cellulose</li> <li>Lipids (Fats and Oils)</li> </ul>
<p>What isthe<strong> inverse square law</strong>?</p>
<p>Light intensity = 1/distance2</p>
<p>What is <strong>energy </strong>needed for?</p>
<ul><li>Homeostasis</li><li>Growth</li><li>Movement (Muscle Contraction)</li></ul>
<p>What is the <strong>symbol equation</strong> for <strong>respiration</strong>?</p>
<p>C6H12O6+ 6O2→ 6CO2+ 6H2O (+ energy)</p>
<p>Is <strong>respiration </strong>an <strong>endothermic </strong>or <strong>exothermic </strong>reaction?</p>
<p>Respiration is an <strong>exothermic </strong>reaction (Releases energy)</p>
<p>What is the <strong>word equation</strong> for <strong>fermentation </strong><em>(anaerobic respiration in Plants and Yeast)</em>?</p>
<p>Glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide</p>
<p>What is the word equation for <strong>anaerobic</strong> respiration in <strong>animals</strong>?</p>
<p>Glucose → Lactic acid</p>
<p>What is <strong>Metabolism</strong>?</p>
<p>Metabolism is the<strong> sum of all reactions</strong> that occur in an organism</p>
<p>What are the responses the body does to increase the <strong>rate of respiration</strong>?</p>
<ul> <li>Increase in Breathing rate</li> <li>Increase in Breath volume</li> <li>Blood vessels dilate</li> <li>Increased heart rate</li> </ul>
<p>What is an <strong>Oxygen Debt</strong>?</p>
<p>Oxygen debt refers to the extra oxygen required after exercise to oxidise (combine with oxygen) lactic acid and remove it from cells</p>
<p>What doesthe graph for rate of photosynthesis againsttemperature look like?</p>
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<p>What doesthe graph for rate of photosynthesis against light look like?</p>
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<p>What doesthe graph for rate of photosynthesis against Carbon Dioxide look like?</p>
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<p>What is the method to investigate theeffect on light intensity on Photosynthesis?</p>
<ol><li>Set up a test tube rack containing a boiling tube at a distance of 10 cm away from the light source</li><li>Fill the boiling tube with the sodium hydrogen carbonate solution</li><li>Put the piece of pondweed into the boiling tube with the cut end at the top. Gently push the pondweed down with the glass rod</li><li>Leave the boiling tube for 5 minutes</li><li>Start the stop watch and count the number of bubbles produced in one minute</li><li>Record the results in a table</li><li>Repeat the count twice more. Then use the data to calculate the mean number of bubbles per minute.</li><li>Repeat steps <strong>1‒7</strong> with the test tube rack and boiling tube at distances of 20 cm, 30 cm and 40 cm from the light source</li></ol>
<p>How do you set up the equipment to investigate theeffect on light intensity on Photosynthesis?</p>
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<p>State the word equation for photosynthesis</p>
<p>Carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen</p>
<p>What energy transfer occurs in photosynthesis?</p>
<p>Light energy to chemical energy</p>
<p>Describe how the inverse square law applies to light intensity and distance</p>
<p>The intensity of light is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the light source. E.g. if you halve the distance, the light intensity will be 4 times greater</p>
<p>What does the inverse square law mean in practice when considering how plants grow?</p>
<p>When the light is moved twice as far from the plant it will receive a quarter of the energy</p>
<p>Why can’t a commercial grower of plants just increase all three limiting factors of PHS to maximum levels to obtain optimum growth?</p>
<p>Light, temperature and CO2 all cost money to supply - a balance between expenditure and income must be struck for a profit to be made</p>
<p>Name three ways glucose produced in photosynthesis is used in plants</p>
<ul><li>Used for respiration</li><li>Converted into insoluble starch for storage</li><li>Used to produce fat or oil for storage</li><li>Used to produce cellulose which strengthens the cell wall</li><li>Used to produce amino acids for protein synthesis</li></ul>
<p>What else, other than glucose, do plants need to produce proteins?</p>
<p>Nitrate ions</p>
<p>Where are mineral ions absorbed from and through which plant organ?</p>
<p>From the soil, through the roots</p>
<p>What is aerobic respiration and where does it occur in cells?</p>
<p>Respiration <b>with</b> oxygen, in the mitochondria</p>
<p>What is anaerobic respiration and where does it occur in cells?</p>
<p>Respiration <b>without</b> oxygen, in the cytoplasm</p>
<p>Is respiration an endo- or exothermic reaction?</p>
<p>Exothermic</p>
<p>State the balanced symbol equation for aerobic respiration</p>
<p>C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O</p>
<p>How have humans used our understanding of anaerobic respiration in plant and yeast cells in manufacturing?/p></p>
<p>Production of bread and alcoholic drinks</p>
<p>Name three physical ways in which the human body reacts to an increased demand for energy</p>
<ul><li>Heart rate</li><li>Breathing rate</li><li>breathe volume</li></ul>
<p> all increase</p>
<p>Why do heart rate, breathing rate and breathe volume increase when the body needs more energy?</p>
<p>To increase the oxygenation of the blood and to supply the muscles with more oxygenated blood</p>
<p>What does a build-up of lactic acid cause in muscles?</p>
<p>Muscle fatigue</p>
<p>) Where is lactic acid converted back into glucose?</p>
<p>The liver</p>
<p>How is lactic acid transported to the liver?</p>
<p>Via the blood</p>
<p>What is produced when enzymes chemically break down carbohydrates?</p>
<p>Simple sugar monomers</p>
<p>What is produced when enzymes chemically break down a lipid?</p>
<p>1 glycerol, 3 fatty acids</p>
<p>What is produced when enzymes chemically break down proteins?</p>
<p>Amino acids</p>
<p>What is <b>metabolism</b>?</p>
<p>The sum of all the reactions in a cell or the body</p>
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