B4. Active Transport

Question 1

Active transport - the basics

What is active transport?

Answer 1

Active transport uses energy to move molecules and ions across plasma membranes, usually against a concentration gradient. Carrier proteins and co-transporters are involved in active transport.

Question 2

Carrier proteins

How do carrier proteins work?
What are two main differences between active transport and facilitated diffusion?

Answer 2

The process is pretty similar to facilitated diffusion - a molecule attaches to the carrier protein, the protein changes shape and this moves the molecule across the membrane, releasing it on the other side.

• Active transport usually moves solutes from a low to a high concentration
• in facilitated diffusion, they always move from a high to a low concentration.
• Active transport requires energy-facilitated diffusion does not. ATP undergoes a hydrolysis reaction, splitting into ADP and P, (inorganic phosphate). This releases energy so that the solutes can be transported.

Question 3

Co-transporters

What are they and how do they work?

How does the co-transport of glucose work?

Answer 3

Co-transporters are a type of carrier protein. They bind two molecules at a time. The concentration gradient of one of the molecules is used to move the other molecule against its own concentration gradient.

Figure 2 shows the co-transport of sodium ions and glucose. Sodium ions move across the membrane down their concentration gradient. This moves glucose across the membrane too, against its concentration gradient.

Question 4

Co-transport and the absorption of glucose

Where is glucose absorbed?
How is it absorbed and where is it absorbed?

Answer 4

Glucose is absorbed into the bloodstream in the small intestine. In the mammalian ileum the concentration of glucose is too low for glucose to diffuse out into the blood. So glucose is absorbed from the lumen (middle) of the ileum by co-transport.

Question 5

Co-transport and the absorption of glucose (3 steps, 2,2 1 point)

Answer 5

Step 1
Sodium ions are actively transported out of the epithelial cells in the ileum, into the blood, by the sodium-potassium pump.

This creates a concentration gradient-there’s now a higher concentration of sodium ions in the lumen of the ileum than inside the cell.

Step 2
This causes sodium ions to diffuse from the lumen of the ileum into the epithelial cell, down their concentration gradient. They do this via the sodium-glucose co-transporter proteins.

The co-transporter carries glucose into the cell with the sodium. As a result the concentration of glucose inside the cell increases.

Step 3
Glucose diffuses out of the cell, into the blood, down its concentration gradient through a protein channel, by facilitated diffusion.

Question 6

Factors affecting the rate of active transport
When active transport moves molecules and ions against their concentration gradient, a decreasing concentration gradient doesn’t affect the rate of active transport. The rate of active transport is affected by:…

Answer 6

• The speed of individual carrier proteins the faster they work, the faster the rate of active transport.
• The number of carrier proteins present the more proteins there are, the faster the rate of active transport.
• The rate of respiration in the cell and the availability of ATP. If respiration is inhibited, active transport can’t take place.

Question 7

Summary of transport mechanisms - Diffusion (2 things)

Answer 7

• Net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
• Passive process - doesn’t require energy.

Question 8

Summary of transport mechanisms - Facilitated diffusion (3 things)

Answer 8

• Net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
• Uses carrier proteins and channel proteins to aid the diffusion of large molecules and charged particles through the membrane.
• Passive process-doesn’t require energy.

Question 9

Summary of transport mechanisms - Osmosis (2 things)

Answer 9

• Movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from an area of higher water potential to an area of lower water potential.
• Passive process - doesn’t require energy.

Question 10

Summary of transport mechanisms - Active transport (3 things)

Answer 10

• Movement of molecules, usually from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration.
• Uses carrier proteins and co-transporters to transport molecules.
• Active process - requires energy.