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IB Biology > B4 > Flashcards

B4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a habitat?

A

The place where an organism lives, including physical conditions, type of ecosystem and which part of the ecosystem the organism lives in.

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2
Q

What is an abiotic factor?

A

Non-living things that impact an organism. This includes things such as rock, soil, air, water and its conditions e.g temperature, salinity, pH.
Note: abiotic factors have a greater impact at their extremes.

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3
Q

What is an adaptation?

A

A genetic characteristic of an organism that allows it to be more successful at surviving and/or reproducing in an environment.

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4
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

All biotic and abiotic things in a specific area and how they interact, including the organisms living there.

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5
Q

What is a species?

A

A group of organisms which are successfully able to breed to create fertile offspring.

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6
Q

What is species distribution?

A

An indication of where a particular species lives, generally using a map showing abundant areas inhabited by the species.

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7
Q

What is a limiting factor- for an organism?

A

Any factor that determines the distribution of a living organism (is outside their range of tolerance)

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8
Q

What is a species’ range of tolerence?

A

A range of abiotic factors between extremes which accomodate successful habitation of a species.

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9
Q

What is a physical adaptation?

A

Visible changes in an organisms appearnece or the structure of a body part.

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10
Q

What is a chemical adaptation?

A

Changes to the function of an organ or body process on a cellular/ chemical level- invisible

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11
Q

What is a behavioral adaptation?

A

Learned or innate behaviour of an organism (ANIMAL) that aids in survival or reproduction. Note: still genetic

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12
Q

How do adaptations occur?

A

NATURAL SELECTION
1. Mutation in DNA
2. Genetic variation
3. Struggle to survive (selection pressure)
4. Survival of the fittest
5. Interitance of variation
= Increase in adaptation!

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13
Q

What are some examples of physical adaptations that grasses have to sand dunes?

A
  • Adaptation: Thick, waxy cuticle on leaves to reduce transpiration. Benefit: Reduce transpiration and water loss
  • Adaptation: stomata in furrows where humid air can remain even in windy conditions. Benefit: Humid environments around stomata reduce water loss
  • Adaptation: Leaves which roll up during droughts. Benefit: Creates a humid chamber and reduces surface area exposed to wind which decreases water loss
  • Adaptation: Rhizomes that grow upwards as sand accumulates. Benefit: Extend deep into the ground to get water as there is sparse water
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14
Q

What are some examples of chemical adaptations that grasses have to sand dunes?

A
  • Adaptation: Accumulation of carbohydrates called fructans in root and leaf cells. Benefit: Increases osmotic potential, therefore increasing water uptake.
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15
Q

What are some examples of adaptations that trees have to mangroves?

A

Adaptation: Secretion of excess salt from glands in the leaf
Type: Chemical/ physical
Benefit: Allows them to remove excess salts to live in the high salinity water

Adaptation: Pneumatophores- root-like structures which stick out from the mud and allow them to get air and nutrients
Type: Physical
Benefit: Allows them to get oxygen to the roots which do not have access to oxygen in the water logged mud

Adaptation: Roots which filter out salt
Type: Physical
Benefit: Allows control over the amount of salt within the trees

Adaptation: Fruits which have a seed that grows into propagule (sprouts) before dropping off.
Type: Physical
Benefit: Allows plant dispersal in a marine environment

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16
Q

What is a transect?

A

A scaled line laid across the length of an area being measured. It is used to determine species distribution.

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17
Q

Explain how line intercept sampling is used.

A

All organisms that touch or a visibly present at the scaled tape (transect) are recorded.

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18
Q

Explain how belt transects are used.

A

Abundance of species is estimated by placing quadrants at regular intervals and counting organisms in the quatrant.
Note: can be continuous or using 2 lines and measuring in between the lines

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19
Q

Explain how observational transects are used.

A

Observational transects are where you walk along a defined route and count the number of organisms seen.

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20
Q

What is data logging and how is it used in biology?

A

Data logging is the digital storage of measurements taken with a sensor or probe. They are used to effectively consolidate masses of data and determine trends.

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21
Q

What are the five abiotic factors that must be within specific range for coral reefs?

A
  • Water depth
  • Water temperature
  • Salinity
  • Water clarity
  • Water pH
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22
Q

What is the required range of water depth for coral reefs?

A

Less than 50m below surface so sunlight can reach the zooxanthellae algae for photosynthesis

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23
Q

What is the required range of water temperature for coral reefs?

A

Between 23-29 degrees celcius, If outside this range, the coral will expel the zooxanthallae.

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24
Q

What is the required range of salinity for coral reefs?

A

Between 32-42 ppt NaCl for osmolarity and water balance.

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25
Q

What is the required range of water clarity for coral reefs?

A

Clear enough for light to pass through photosynthesis by algae

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26
Q

What is the required range of water pH for coral reefs?

A

pH of 7.8 or higher in order to form calcium carbonate for exoskeletons.

27
Q

What is a biome?

A

A group of similar ecosystems that can be anywhere in the world. They share resemblence due to similar abiotic and biotic factors. This means that similar organisms can life there.

28
Q

Explain the abiotic conditions of a tropical rainforest.

A
  • Temperature: High temperature
  • Precipitation: High precipitation
  • Light: High amounts of sunlight
  • Seasons: Minimal change in seasons
29
Q

Explain the abiotic conditions of a temperate forest.

A
  • Temperature: Medium/ moderate
  • Precipitation: Medium to high
  • Light: Medium amount of sunlight
  • Seasons: Warm summers, cold winters
30
Q

Explain the abiotic conditions of a taiga/ boreal forest

A
  • Temperature: Low, cold temperatures
  • Precipitation: Medium to high
  • Light: Low to medium amounts of sunlight
  • Seasons: Short summers and long, cold winters
31
Q

Explain the abiotic conditions of a desert

A
  • Temperature: High temperatures
  • Precipitation: Very low
  • Light: High amount of sunlight
  • Seasons: Minimal change in seasons
32
Q

Explain the abiotic conditions of a grassland

A
  • Temperature: Medium to high
  • Precipitation: Medium
  • Light: Medium to high
  • Seasons: Distinct variation with cold, dry season
33
Q

Explain the abiotic conditions of a tundra

A
  • Temperature: Low temperature
  • Precipitation: Medium to high
  • Light: Low sunlight
  • Seasons: Very long, cold winters
34
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

Organisms evolving to become physically similar without common ancesrty due to similar environmental challenges.

35
Q

How do biomes facilitate convergent evolution around the world?

A
  1. Different species, with different physical features inhabit similar environments around the world
  2. In these biomes, they face similar selection pressures
  3. Those who are best adapted to the environment, no matter where it is in the world- can survive and reproduce
  4. All organisms in similar environments share similar features
36
Q

How is the Saguro cactus adapted to the desert?

A

Adaptation: Roots are both widespread (up to 30m from stem) and form deep taproots (1m long)
Type: Physical
Benefit: Maximises water uptake from the ground by going down and out

Adaptation: Stems have fat storage tissue and pleats that are vertically oriented
Type: Physical
Benefit: Swells in size when it rains to maximise water uptake. Vertical pleats minimise sun exposure during midday

Adaptation: Leaves reduced to spines
Type: Physical
Benefit: Protects from predators and minimises surface area to reduce water loss

Adaptation: CAM metabolism so stomata can close in the day
Type: Chemical
Benefit: Ability to store CO2 in cells so photosynthesis can occur at night and keep stomata closed during the day

37
Q

How is the Fennec fox adapted to the desert?

A

Adaptation: Nocturnal, spends the day in a built, underground den
Type: Behavioural
Benefit: Avoid desert heat during the day

Adaptation: Thick hair that is pale in colour
Type: Physical
Benefit: Provides insulation against cool nights, colour camoflages and reflects light

Adaptation: High water reabsorption in kidneys resulting in little urination
Type: Chemical
Benefit: Conserves water to reduce water loss

Adaptation: Large ears
Type: Physical
Benefit: Increased surface area, releases heat better. Also improves sound for finding prey

38
Q

How is the yellow meranti adapted to the rainforest?

A

Adaptation: Trunk is hard, tall and dense
Type: Physical
Benefit: Tall- able to reach sunlight, Hard- protect against windy and stormy weather, Dense- prevent bugs burrowing

Adaptation: Broad oval evergreen leaves
Type: Physical
Benefit: Large SA:V to increase transpiration to cool down

Adaptation: Enzymes can function up to 35 degrees C
Type: Chemical
Benefit: Allows photosynthesis to continue even at high temperatures

39
Q

How are spider monkeys adapted to the rainforest?

A

Adaptation: Long arms and legs, flexible shoulders and tail
Type: Physical
Benefit: Allows them to swing through rainforests and get food

Adaptation: Developed larynx for production of sound
Type: Physical
Benefit: Allows them to alert other monkeys when there are threats of danger when spread out

Adaptation: Sleeping at night and active in the day
Type: Behavioural
Benefit: Greatest visibility to judge distance between branches and swing safely

40
Q

What is an obligate aerobe?

A

Organisms that require oxygen to make ATP energy, and will die without it. Thus, are only found in environments with sufficient oxygen.

41
Q

What is an obligate anaerobe?

A

Organisms that not only do not require oxygen to produce ATP, they are harmed by the presence of it. They live in areas lacking oxygen like the deep sea or the guts of animals

42
Q

What is a facultative anaerobe?

A

Organisms that can easily switch between aerobic and anaerobic respiration for ATP energy OR anaerobes that are not harmed by the presence of oxygen. They can live in many environments regardless of oxygen levels

43
Q

What is the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs?

A

Autotrophs make their own food source, whereas heterotrophs obtain carbon compounds from other living organisms.

44
Q

What is holozoic nutrition?

A

Form of heterotrophy where whole pieces of food are swallowed before being fully digested in the digestive track- internal.

Note: can be consumers or detritivores

45
Q

Explain the process of holozoic nutrition/ internal digestion

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Digestion
  3. Absorption
  4. Assimilarion
  5. Egestion
46
Q

What is mixotrophic nutrition?

A

Mixotrophs have the ability to act as an autotroph when there is high light and low prey, or a heterotroph when there is low light and high prey. e.g eugelena.
Note: can be facultative (can survive with photosynthesis only, absorption of nutrients is supplementary) or obligate (some nutrients needed require consumption)

47
Q

What is saprotrophic nutrition?

A

Heterotrophs that excrete digestive enzymes onto dead organic matter, and this is then externally digested before being absorbed and used.

48
Q

Explain the process of saprotrophic nutrition/ external digestion

A
  1. Release enzymes into environment
  2. Digestion occurs outside the body
  3. Absorb needed nutrients only
49
Q

What are archae and what modes of nutrition do they use?

A
  • Archae are prokaryotic unicellular organisms- not bacteria
  • Can be autotrophs and perform photosynthesis without chloroplasts, or chemosynthesise with substances like iron or sulfur
  • Some are heterotrophs
50
Q

What are the different types of teeth in mammals?

A
  • Incisors: cutting off bits of food
  • Canines: ripping and tearing meat
  • Premolars: chewing and grinding
  • Molars: chewing and grinding
51
Q

What is herbivory?

A

Feeding on plants rather than animals to get carbon compounds

52
Q

What are lianas?

A

Vines that root into the ground and use trees as support to grow up the canopy and access light

53
Q

What are epiphytes?

A

Plants that grow directly on trees as support to grow up the canopy and access sunlight

54
Q

What are herbaceous plants?

A

Plants that do not produce a woody stem with bark.
Note: many flowering plants are herbaceous

55
Q

What are some adaptations for herbivory?

A

Example: Beetles have a jaw-like mouth part (not bone)
Type: Physical
Benefit: Chew and bite plant material

Example: Aphids have long, tube mouthpieces with a point
Type: Physical
Benefit: Puncture plants and consume sugary sap

56
Q

What are some adaptations to resist herbivory?

A

Example: Thorns and spines on leaf and stem surfaces
Type: Physical
Benefit: Scare off animals with visible threat

Example: Production of toxins (secondary metabolite) stored in leaves or seeds
Type: Chemical
Benefit: Harm herbivores and often paired with warning colours

57
Q

What are some adaptations for predators to obtain food?

A

Example: Vampire bats have very sharp incisors and canines
Type: Physical
Benefit: Pierce skin of prey and feed on their blood

Example: Black mamba snakes have neurotoxic venom
Type: Chemical
Benefit: Paralyze prey to eat it

Example: Grizzly bears wait upstream for salmon
Type: Behavioural
Benefit: Best access to their food source- hunting

58
Q

What are some adaptations for prey to avoid predation?

A

Example: Moths are camoflaged to look like surroundings
Type: Physical
Benefit: Predators cannot find them

Example: Cinnibar moth catepillars create toxins and have warning colours
Type: Chemical, but warning colours are physical
Benefit: Kills predators and future avoidance

Example: Schooling fish
Type: Behavioural
Benefit: Predators avoid group prey

59
Q

What are some adaptations for plants to harvest light?

A

Example: Lianas/ vines e.g strangler figs grow on trees to use them as support
Type: Chemical- thigmotropism
Benefit: Support to go taller to reach sunlight

Example: Epiphytes grow out of a tree trunk (no roots in soil)
Type: Physical
Benefit: Allows them to remain short but grow at a place closer to the light

60
Q

What is an ecological niche?

A

The role of a species in an ecosystem including the biotic and abiotic interactions that it has which impacts its growth, survival and reproduction

61
Q

What is a fundamental niche?

A

Potential niche/ habitat that a species could inhabit based on their adaptations and range of tolerance

62
Q

What is a realised niche?

A

The actual habitat a species can thrive in, factoring in competition and success of predators and prey
Note: realised niche is smaller than the fundamental niche

63
Q

What is the competitive exclusion principle?

A

If species compete for the same finite resources, they cannot coexist successfully in the same area

64
Q

What is the process from fundamental niche to realised niche

A
  1. Fundamental niche- anywhere that meets the species abiotic range of tolerence
  2. Competition is added- 2 species occupy the same fundamental niche
  3. Competitive exclusion principle= cannot share niche
  4. Species go through NICHE PARTITIONING- each species splits into their unique realised niche

IB Biology (10 decks)

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