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B4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a consequence of cardiovascular disease

A

Sometimes cardiovascular disease means heart failure, where the heart can’t function or pump blood around tne body.

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2
Q

Heart transplants

A

Used to treat heart failure by replacing a failing heart with a donor heart

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3
Q

Advantages of donor hearts

A

May be the only solution to heart failure
Less risky and more natural than artificial hearts

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4
Q

What is an artificial heart

A

A man made device that temporarily pumps blood in a patient, giving the heart time to to rest/heal

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5
Q

What are immunosuppressants

A

Drugs which suppress the immune system to reduce the risk of an immune response against the transplanted heart

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6
Q

Disadvantages of immunosuppressants

A

Can weaken the body’s natural defences if there are immunosuppressants

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7
Q

Advantages of artificial hearts

A

Are man-made, so are less likely to be immunologically rejected
Removes strain of keeping blood circulating

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8
Q

Disadvantages of artificial hearts

A

Require invasive surgery, meaning risks like thrombosis and other complications
Risk of blood clots

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9
Q

Faulty valves effects on person

A

Valves can become leaky and stiff, with infection, heartconditions and age
causing damage to the valves and making them leaky, causing the back flow of blood.
Stiff valves stops the valves from opening properly
Blood in the heart goes in more than one direction- uncontrolled blood flow and substances aren’t transferred efficiently or successfully
Less oxygenated blood pumped around body - difficult for cells to respire and person is out of breath
Some blood flows back into the ventricle
Person will eventually die

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10
Q

Mechanical valves

A

Man-made, surgery required for valve replacement and there are risks of thrombosis or complication

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11
Q

Advantages of replacing valves

A

Less invasive than a heart transplant

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12
Q

Disadvantages of replacing valves

A

They may need to be replaced regularly

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13
Q

Advantages of biological valves

A

Less risk of bleeding during pregnancy
No risk to fetus
No anticoagulation medicine needed(unlike in mechanical valves)
No high-pitched click sound(like in mechanical valves)
Let blood flow through them
Lower risk of rejection than for mechanical valves

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14
Q

Disadvantages of biological valves

A

Don’t last for as long as mechanical valves as they wear and stiffen out so need to be replaced quick
Need immunosuppressant drugs

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15
Q

Advantages of mechanical valves

A

Last for longer than biological valves in ideal conditions

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16
Q

Disadvantages of mechanical valves

A

Form blood clots
Require anti-clotting drugs
Make an annoying click sound

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17
Q

Cardiovascular disease

A

A term describing a range of diseases affecting the heart and blood vessels, including conditions like coronary artery disease, heart attacks, angina, heart failure and stroke

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18
Q

Causes of cardiovascular disease

A

Unhealthy diet
Lack of physical activity
Smoking
High blood pressure
High cholesterol
Family history of disease

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19
Q

Who can receive an artificial heart

A

People with end-stage heart failure who aren’t eligible for heart transplantation, based on the person’s health and the severity of the heart disease

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20
Q

Who is eligible for a heart transplant

A

Depends on the severity of the heart disease, overall health of the patient and availability of a suitable donor heart.

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21
Q

Risks of heart transplantation

A

Rejection of the transplanted heart
Infections
Bleeding
Blood clots
Medication side effects
Heart transplant rejection
Chronic diseases

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22
Q

Substances in the plasma

A

Waste carbon dioxide produced by the cells is carried to the lungs
Urea formed in your liver from the breakdown of excess proteins is carried to the kidneys where it’s removed from the blood to form urine
Small soluble products of digestion are transferred from the plasma to the small intestine and are transported to the individual cells

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23
Q

Adaptations of red blood cells

A

Biconcave discs give an increased surface area to volume ratio
Packed with a red pigment called haemoglobin that binds to oxygen
No nucleus means more space for haemoglobin

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24
Q

White blood cells

A

Larger, have a nucleus and are part of the body’s defence system against harmful microrganisms

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25
Q

Lymphocytes

A

White blood cells that form antibodies against microrganisms and antitoxins against poisons in microrganisms

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26
Q

Phagocytes

A

White blood cells that engulf and digest invading bacteria and viruses

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27
Q

Platelets

A

Small fragments of cells that help with blood clotting

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28
Q

Blood clotting

A

Enzyme-controlled reactions that convert fibrinogen to fibrin
Network of protein fibres that capture red blood cells to form a jelly-like clot that stops bleeding
The clot dries and hardens to form a scab which protects the new skin

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29
Q

What system are our blood vessels arranged into?

A

A double circulatory system:

One transport system carries blood from your heart to your lungs and back again
The other transport system transfers blood from your heart to the other organs of your body and back again
Fully oxygenated blood returns to the heart from your lungs

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30
Q

What muscle supplies the heart with oxygen?

A

The coronary arteries

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31
Q

What happens in coronary artery disease

A

The coronary arteries supplying blood to the heart muscle is narrow, due to fatty material on the lining of the vessels and the supply of oxygen to the heart muscle is also reduced, causing pain or a heart attack.

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32
Q

Stent

A

A metal mesh placed in the artery
A balloon opens up the blood vessel and stent at the same time; the balloon is deflated but the stent remains to hold the blood vessel open
Blood in the coronary artery flows freely

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33
Q

Advantages of stents

A

Can be put in place without a general anaesthetic
Open a blocked artery anywhere in the body
Release drugs to prevent the blood clotting

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34
Q

Bypass surgery

A

Replacing blocked coronary arteries with bits of veins from other parts of the body

35
Q

Statins

A

Reduce blood cholesterol levels - slows the rate fatty material is deposited in the coronary arteries

36
Q

Advantages of stents

A

Effective for a long time
Quick recovery time

37
Q

Advantages of statins

A

May prevent other diseases, as well as reducing the risk of strokes, coronary heart disease and heart attacks.
Increases the amount of a good type of cholesterol(HDL cholesterol) which removes bad cholesterol from the blood.

38
Q

Disadvantages of statins

A

Need to be taken regularly - someone may forget to take them
Can cause negative side effects e.g, kidney failure, liver damage, headaches and memory less
The effect of statins isn’t instant - takes time for their effect to kick in

39
Q

Pacemakers

A

A group of cells in the right atrium of the heart that control the heart beat

40
Q

Disadvantages of pacemakers

A

If the heart beats too slowly, the person will not get enough oxygen.
If the heart beats
too fast, it can’t pump blood properly.
Sensitive to what your body needs
Only works when the natural rhythm goes wrong

41
Q

Artificial pacemakers

A

An electrical device correcting
irregularities in the heart rate

42
Q

Advantages of artificial pacemakers

A

Increase in quality and length of life

43
Q

Disadvantages of artificial pacemakers

A

You need regular medical check-ups throughout your life

44
Q

The gas exchange system

A

1)Your ventilation system has to move air in and out of lungs, providing an efficient surface for gas exchange in the alveoli.
2) Ventilation is due to the contraction and relaxation of the intercostal muscles between the ribs and diaphragm(a strong sheet of muscle), changing pressure inside the chest cavity so air goes in and out of lungs due to differences in pressure.
3) When you breath in, oxygen-rich air moves into your lungs , but breathing out removes CO2-rich air from the lungs. This maintains a concentration gradient for oxygen to diffuse into the bloodstream and CO2 to diffuse out of the bloodstream through the gas exchange surfaces of the alveoli.

45
Q

Adaptations of the alveoli

A

Rich supply of blood capillaries to maintain a concentration gradient in both directions
Gas exchange quick and effective down steep concentration gradient with blood in lungs low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide compared to the inhaled air
Diffusion over shortest possible distance as layer of cells between the air in the lungs and the blood in the capillaries is very thin

46
Q

Cardiovascular disease

A

A term describing a range of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels, including coronary artery disease, heart attacks, angina, heart failure, and stroke

47
Q

Epidermal tissue

A

Covers and protects plant surfaces, secreting a waxy substance waterproofing the surface of the leaf

48
Q

Palisade mesophyll tissue

A

Contains chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis

49
Q

Spongy mesophyll tissue

A

Chloroplasts for photosynthesis, also big air spaces and a large surface area to make diffusion of gases easier

50
Q

Transport tissues in plants

A

Xylem and phloem

51
Q

Xylem tissue

A

Carries water and dissolved mineral ions from the roots up to the leaves and stems. This is a dead tissue.

52
Q

Phloem tissue

A

Carries dissolved food/sugars made by photosynthesis from the leaves around the plant, for making new plant cells and food transfers to storage organs where it’s an energy store for winter. This movement of minerals/glucose is known as translocation.
Phloem is a living tissue.

53
Q

Plant organs

A

Leaf, stem and root

54
Q

Leaf structure

A

Epidermal tissues have a waxy cuticle which reduce water loss by evaporation.
The upper epidermis is transparent so light passes through it to the palisade layer.
The palisade layer has chloroplasts, so they are near the top of the leaf where they can get the most light.
The xylem and ohloem form a network of vascular bundles which deliver water and nutrients to the leaf and take away glucose produced by photosynthesis, they also support the structure.
The lower epidermis has little holes called stomata, which let CO2 diffuse into the leaf and the opening/closing of stomata is controlled by guard cells. The air spaces in the spongy mesophyll tissue increases the rate of gas diffusion.

55
Q

What do plants make by photosynthesis

A

Glucose(a simple sugar)- needed all over the plant

56
Q

Reasons why transport in plants is important

A

Cells need sugar for respiration
Minerals help produce proteins/molecules in cells
Water helps the plant holds itself upright

57
Q

What happens in the stomata?

A

Carbon dioxide diffuses into the air spaces and cells down a concentration gradient.
Oxygen diffuses from the leaf into the surrounding air.

58
Q

Transpiration

A

Loss of water vapour as water vapour evaporates and diffuses out through the stomata.

59
Q

Transpiration stream

A

As water evaporates from the leaf surface, more water is pulled up through the xylem to take its place.

60
Q

Factors affecting transpiration

A

An increase in light intensity increases the rate of transpiration as more photosynthesis means stomata opens up, meaning
the rate water is lost by transpiration increases.
Hot dry conditions increase transpiration as water evaporates quicker and diffuses quicker.
The higher the temperature, the greater the rate of transpiration as diffusion increases and there’s greater photosynthesis, so the stomata is open.

61
Q

Cuticle

A

Waxy, waterproof layer that prevents uncontrolled water loss

62
Q

Where is the stomata

A

On the underside of the leaves, protected from light from the sun

63
Q

Consequences of uncontrolled water loss

A

Plant may wilt
Stomata closes, which stops photosynthesis and could cause overheating.

64
Q

What apparatus shows transpiration rates

A

A potometer - shows uptake of water in different conditions

65
Q

How does water enter a root hair cell

A

By osmosis

66
Q

Pacemaker function

A

They regulate the heart rate by sending electrical impulses to the muscles

67
Q

Risks of stents

A

Risk of complications/infections from surgery
Risk of blood clot near the stent - thrombosis

68
Q

Advantages of artificial blood, instead of using human blood for a transfusion in humans

A

No rejection
Lower risk of infection

69
Q

Arteries

A

Carries blood from your heart to the organs of your body-

oxygenated blood under high pressure
Thick walls with muscle and elastic fibres - arteries stretch as blood is
forced through them
Small lumen
High pressure blood

70
Q

Veins

A

Carry blood from your organs to your heart
De-oxygenated blood
Thin walls
Valves to prevent the backflow of blood
Have a bigger lumen than arteries tomhelp the blood flow
Low pressure blood

71
Q

Capillaries

A

Link the arteries and veins
Narrow lumenThin, permeable walls enables substances to diffuse out of your blood and into your cells.
Supply food and oxygen, and take
away waste like CO2

72
Q

Disadvantages of donor hearts

A

There is a shortage of donor hearts
Risk of immune rejection by the immune system

73
Q

Stages of the heart cycle

A

1)Blood enters the top chambers of your heart known as the atria.
2) Deoxygenated blood from the body is passed from the vena cava into the right atrium; oxygenated blood from the lungs goes into the left atrium in the pulmonary vein.
3) Atria contracts to force blood into the ventricles - valves close to stop blood going backwards out of the heart
4) Right ventricle forced deoxygenated blood to the lungs in the pulmonary artery: left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood in a loop called the aorta
5) Valves close to ensure the blood goes in the right direction
6) The muscle wall of the left ventricle allows it to develop the pressure to force the blood around the body.
7)Blood leaving the right ventricle moves from the pulmonary arteries to the lungs.

74
Q

Would could cause one plant to lose water at a faster rate than the other plant?

A

One plant has more leaves than the other plant.

75
Q

How may the production of oil on the surface of a leaf protect the plant from aphids

A

Oil coud harm/kill aphids

76
Q

Why is active transport necessary in root hair cells

A

For movement of mineral/ions against their concentration gradient

77
Q

What are greenflies and aphids?

A

Plant pests. They push their sharp mouthparts right into the phloem and feed into the sugary fluid.
If too many attack a plant, they kill it by taking away its food.

78
Q

Function of grease in plants

A

To stop water loss

79
Q

Function of stem

A

To transport substances in a plant

80
Q

Function of petal/flower

A

For sexual reproduction in a plant

81
Q

How does the immune system defend the body against pathogens

A

White blood cells produce antibodies to destroy specific pathogens
White blood cells ingest pathogens(phagocytosis)
White blood cells produce antitoxins to counteract toxins released by pathogens

82
Q

Give two factors that affect the concentration of cholesterol in the blood

A

Diet
Genes

83
Q

How is ventilating the lungs brought about?

A

By the contraction and relaxation of the intercostal muscles between the ribs and the diaphragm, changing the pressure inside the chest cavity so air’s forced in/out of the lungs due to differences in pressure

84
Q

Why do veins have valves, but arteries do not

A

Valves prevent backflow of blood, because the blood in the veins is at lower pressure than in the arteries

Biology EOYs (2 decks)

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