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Science Spec Flaschcards > B4 > Flashcards

B4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

An endothermic reaction (requires input energy) in which energy is transferred from the environment to the chloroplasts by light

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2
Q

State the word equation for photosynthesis

A

……………………………………..Light
Carbon dioxide + Water ——–> Glucose+Oxygen
Chlorophyll

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3
Q

What is the symbol equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O —————–> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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4
Q

What is the effects of temperature on photosynthesis?

A
  • At low temperatures, the rate of photosynthesis is limited by the number of collisions between enzymes and substrate
  • As temperature increases the number of collisions increases, therefore the rate of photosynthesis increases
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5
Q

What is the effects of light intensity on photosynthesis?

A

The rate of photosynthesis is directly proportional to light intensity and inversely proportional to the distance from a light source

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6
Q

What can be described because of the inverse square law?

A

The intensity of light at different distances from a light source

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7
Q

What is the effects of carbon dioxide concentration on photosynthesis?

A

If the concentration of carbon dioxide is increased, the rate of photosynthesis will therefore increase.

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8
Q

What is the effects of the amount of chlorophyll concentration on photosynthesis?

A
  • The amount of chlorophyll also affects the rate of photosynthesis: plants in lighting conditions unfavourable for photosynthesis synthesise more chlorophyll, to absorb the light required.
  • The effects of some plant diseases affect the amount of chlorophyll, and therefore the ability of a plant to photosynthesise.
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9
Q

What are the limiting factors in photosynthesis (stops making photosynthesis happen any faster) ?

A

Intensity of light, CO2 concentration and temperature

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10
Q

Note:

A

AQA says that students should be able to:

  • Measure and calculate rates of photosynthesis
  • Extract and interpret graphs of photosynthesis rate involving one limiting factor
  • Plot and draw appropriate graphs selecting appropriate scale for axes
  • Translate information between graphical and numeric form

(Check goodnotes Biology B8 Folder which has the rate of photosynthesis with explanations)

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11
Q

Note:

A

AQA says that students should be able to explain graphs of photosynthesis rate involving two or three factors and decide which is the limiting factor

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12
Q

Why are limiting factors important in the economics of farmers?

A

As they need to enhance the conditions in greenhouses to gain the maximum rate of photosynthesis while still maintaining profit

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13
Q

What do farmers do to enhance the conditions in greenhouses?

A
  • Plants in greenhouses are often sprayed with water to keep the humidity high
  • Growers must find a balance as high humidity will promote the growth of pathogenic fungi
  • Irrigation systems are also used outdoors
  • Ventilation is also used
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14
Q

Practical 5

A

AAA

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15
Q

What is the glucose produced in photosynthesis used for?

A
  • Used for respiration
  • Converted into insoluble starch for storage
  • Used to produce fat or oil for storage
  • Used to produce cellulose, which strengthens the cell wall
  • Used to produce amino acids for protein synthesis
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16
Q

To produce proteins what do plants use?

A

Nitrate ions that are absorbed from the soil

17
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A
  • An exothermic reaction which is continuously occuring in living cells
  • The energy transferred supplies all the energy needed for living processes
18
Q

What can respiration take place in?

A

Respiration in cells can take place aerobically(using oxygen) or anaerobically(without oxygen), to transfer energy

19
Q

What is aerobic respiration in regard to the need for oxygen,the differing products and the relative amounts of energy transferred?

A
  • Aerobic respiration breaks down glucose and combines the broken down products with oxygen, making water and carbon dioxide
  • The carbon dioxide is a waste product of aerobic respiration because cells do not need it
20
Q

What is anaerobic respiration in regard to the need for oxygen,the differing products and the relative amounts of energy transferred?

A
  • Anaerobic respiration happens in muscles during hard exercise
  • Glucose is not completely broken down, so less energy is released than during aerobic respiration
  • There is a build-up of lactic acid in the muscles during vigorous exercise
  • The lactic acid needs to be oxidised to carbon dioxide and water later.
21
Q

What do organisms need energy for?

A
  • Chemical reactions to build larger molecules
  • Movement
  • Keeping warm
22
Q

How is aerobic respiration represented by a word equation?

A

Glucose + Oxygen ———–> Carbon dioxide + Water

23
Q

How is aerobic respiration represented by the symbol equation?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

24
Q

How is anaerobic respiration in muscles represented by the equation?

A

Glucose —> Lactic acid

25
Q

Why is less energy transferred in anaerobic respiration than aerobic respiration?

A

As the oxidation of glucose is incomplete so much less energy is transferred

26
Q

How is anaerobic respiration in plant and yeast cells represented in the word equation?

A

Glucose —–> Ethanol + Carbon dioxide

27
Q

How is anaerobic respiration in yeast cells important and what is it called?

A

Anaerobic respiration in yeast cells is called fermentation and has economic importance in the manufacture of bread and alcoholic drinks

28
Q

What happens to the human body during exercise?

A

During exercise the human body reacts to the increased demand for energy

29
Q

What increases in the human body during exercise?

A

The heart rate, breathing rate and breath volume increase during exercise to supply the muscles with more oxygenated blood

30
Q

What happens if insufficient oxygen is supplied anaerobic respiration takes place in muscles?

A
  • If insufficient oxygen is supplied anaerobic respiration takes place in muscles
  • The incomplete oxidation of glucose causes a build up of lactic acid and creates an oxygen debt
  • During long periods of vigorous activity muscles become fatigued and stop contracting efficiently.
31
Q

When blood is flowing though the muscles, where does it transport the lactic acid?

A
  • Blood flowing through the muscles transports the lactic acid to the liver where it is converted back into glucose
  • Oxygen debt is the amount of extra oxygen the body needs after exercise to react with the accumulated lactic acid and remove it from the cells
32
Q

What is the importance of sugars in the synthesis and breakdown of carbohydrates?

A
  • Simple sugars such as monosaccharides are linked together through glycosidic linkage to generate carbohydrate strictures in a process known as carbohydrate synthesis
  • Similarly, the carbohydrates (present in food) undergo breakdown to generate the sugar or monosaccharide units that are easily absorbed into the body
  • Thus, the importance of sugar is that it serves as the main substrate for the synthesis of carbohydrate molecules and after the breakdown of carbohydrates, it serves as the main product generated
33
Q

What is the importance of amino acids in the synthesis and breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids?

A
  • The amino acid is the precursor molecule that when linked together through the peptide bonds forms a protein molecule
  • The amino acids thus serve as the monomer units for the synthesis of the proteins
  • The breakdown of proteins results in the loss of the peptide linkage and it results in the generation of amino acid monomers that are easily absorbed by the body or for further degradation
34
Q

What is the importance of fatty acids in the synthesis and breakdown of lipids?

A
  • The fatty acids and the glycerol are the backbones of the lipid molecules
  • A general mechanism for the synthesis of the lipid molecule is the reaction between the hydroxyl group on the glycerol and the carboxyl group on the fatty acids
  • The fatty acids and the glycerol thus are the main substrates for the synthesis of lipid molecules
  • The fatty acids and the glycerol are also the products generated after the breakdown of the lipid in the body
  • These fatty acids and glycerol molecules are easier for the body to process
35
Q

What is the importance of glycerol in the breakdown of lipids?

A
  • Glycerol serves as the backbone of lipid molecules.
  • It plays a central role in the formation of acylglycerols (simple lipids) and phospholipids (complex lipids)
36
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The sum of all the reactions in a cell or the body

37
Q

What is the energy transferred by respiration used for?

A

It is used by the organism for the continual enzyme controlled processes of metabolism that synthesise new molecules

38
Q

What does metabolism include?

A
  • Conversion of glucose to starch, glycogen and cellulose
  • The formation of lipid molecules from a molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acids
  • The use of glucose and nitrate ions to form amino acids which in turn are used to synthesise proteins
  • Respiration
  • Breakdown of excess proteins to form urea for excretion

Science Spec Flaschcards (24 decks)

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