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B3: Organism Level Systems > B3.1: The Nervous System > Flashcards

B3.1: The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is your nervous system?

A

It detects change in your external environment
It is made up on the brain, spinal cord and nerves

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2
Q

What causes change in the environment?

A

A stimulus

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3
Q

What detects the stimulus?

A

Groups of cells - these are sensory receptors

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4
Q

The effectors respond

A

Muscles or glands

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5
Q

How do glands respond?

A

By releasing hormones

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6
Q

How do muscles respond?

A

By contracting - movement

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7
Q

Receptor cells for eye

A

Rods and cones

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8
Q

Receptor cells for tongue

A

Taste buds

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9
Q

Receptor cells for skin

A

Temperature and pressure

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10
Q

Receptor cells for nose

A

Smell and taste

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11
Q

Stimulus for eye

A

Light

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12
Q

Stimulus for tongue

A

Chemical

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13
Q

Stimulus for skin

A

Pressure and heat

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14
Q

Stimulus for nose

A

Chemical and chemical

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15
Q

3 types of neurone

A

Sensory, relay, motor

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16
Q

What do sensory nerves do?

A

Carry electrical impulses from receptor cells to the CNS

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17
Q

What do relay nerves do?

A

Carry electrical impulses from sensory to motor

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18
Q

What do motor nerves do?

A

Carry electrical impulses from CNS to glands/muscles (effectors)

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19
Q

Flowchart to nervous response

A

Stimulus -> receptor -> sensory neurone -> CNS -> relay nerve -> motor neurone -> effector -> response

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20
Q

What is a reflex action?

A

An automatic response to a stimulus

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20
Q

How does a synapse work?

A
  • impulse arrives at synapse
  • neurotransmitter is released and diffuses across the gap
  • bind to receptor which triggers a new impulse
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21
Q

Eye anatomy

A
  • iris
  • cornea
  • suspensory ligaments
  • ciliary muscle
  • retina
  • optic nerve
  • lens
  • pupil
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22
Q

Iris

A

Alters pupil size by contracting/relaxing

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23
Q

Lens

A

Focuses light clearly onto the retina and refracts it

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24
Q

Cornea

A

Protects the eye, refracts light

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24
Q

Pupil

A

Black hole in the eye which allows light to pass through

25
Q

Optic nerve

A

Carries nerve impulses to the brain

25
Q

Retina

A

Has light receptors which detect light and convert into electric impulses -> optic nerve

26
Q

Ciliary muscle

A

Alters the shape of the lens

27
Q

Suspensory ligaments

A

Connects the ciliary muscle to the lens

28
Q

In dim light

A

Pupil dilates
Circular muscle relaxes and radial muscle contracts

29
Q

In bright light

A

Pupil constricts
Circular muscle contracts and radial muscle relaxes

30
Q

How does the eye work?

A
  • light enters the eye through the pupil and is refracted by the cornea and the lens
  • light rays are focused onto the retina and the image is sent to the brain via the optic nerve
31
Q

What is accommodation?

A
  • when our lens changes shape in order to focus light coming from different distances
  • shape of our lens is controlled by the ciliary muscle
32
Q

For close objects

A
  • ciliary muscle contracts
  • suspensory ligaments are relaxing
  • lens becomes thicker
33
Q

For near objects

A
  • ciliary muscle relaxes
  • suspensory ligaments are contracting
  • lens becomes thinner
34
Q

Long sightedness (hypermetropia)

A
  • can’t see objects far away
  • eyeball is too short or lens is too weak
  • image forms behind retina
35
Q

Short sightedness (myopia)

A
  • can’t see objects near
  • eyeball is too long or lens is too strong
  • image forms infront retina
36
Q

Correcting short sightedness

A
  • using a concave lens
  • refracts light rays outwards
  • clear image forms on the retina
37
Q

Correcting long sightedness

A
  • using a convex lens
  • refracts light rays inwards
  • clear image forms on the retina
38
Q

What is colour blindness?

A
  • people who have difficulty making out colours or who cannot see colour at all
39
Q

Rods

A

Respond to light and allow you to see in low light levels

40
Q

Cones

A

Respond to different colours - different cone cells respond to red, blue and green light

41
Q

What is the brain?

A
  • complex organ
  • more than 100 billion nerves that communicate in trillions of connections called synapses
42
Q

Cerebrum

A

Controls complex behaviour such as learning and memory, personality and conscious thought and language

43
Q

Cerebellum

A

Controls posture and balance and involuntary movements

44
Q

Medulla

A

Controls automatic actions such as blinking and breathing

45
Q

Hypothalumus

A

Regulates temperature and water balanceP

46
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Stores and releases hormones that regulates many body functions

47
Q

3 ways of investigating the brain

A
  • electrodes
  • CT scans
  • MRI scans
48
Q

Electrodes

A
  • placed inside animal and human brains
  • transmit electrical impulses which results in movement in different parts of their body
  • allows scientists to link an area of the brain to region of the body it controls
49
Q

CT (computed tomography)

A
  • uses x-rays to create 3D images of inside of the body
  • can’t be done regularly because of radiation
  • links to changes in patient’s behaviour
50
Q

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

A
  • use powerful magnets to identify brain abnormalities
  • fMRI produces images in real time
51
Q

CNS (central nervous system)

A

Brain and spinal cord

52
Q

PNS (peripheral nervous system)

A

All neurones connected CNS to the rest of the body

53
Q

Damage that can occur

A
  • injury
  • disease
  • genetic condition
  • ingesting a toxic substance
54
Q

Effects of the damage

A
  • inability to detect some stimuli
  • numbness
  • loss of coordiantion
55
Q

PNS damage

A
  • limited ability to regenerate
  • minor nerve damage: self heals
  • major nerve damage: surgery
56
Q

CNS damage

A
  • loss of control of body systems
  • partial/complete paralysis
  • processing difficulties/memory loss
  • CNS cannot regenerate
57
Q

CNS serious damage

A
  • disease or damage to the spinal cord or brain is often impossible to repair
  • spinal cord has 31 pairs of nerves, repairing one nerve without damaging another is tricky
  • spinal injuries usually lead to permanent disability
58
Q

Diagnosis

A
  • damage to the brain is often difficult to diagnose but you can use MRI and CT scans
59
Q

Treatment for brain tumour

A

Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy

60
Q

Treatment to remove damaged brain tissue

A

Surgery

61
Q

What is a reflex?

A

An automatic response to a stimulus

B3: Organism Level Systems (1 decks)

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