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B3: Organism Level Systems > B3.1: The Nervous System > Flashcards

B3.1: The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is your nervous system?

A

It detects change in your external environment
It is made up on the brain, spinal cord and nerves

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2
Q

What causes change in the environment?

A

A stimulus

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3
Q

What detects the stimulus?

A

Groups of cells - these are sensory receptors

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4
Q

The effectors respond

A

Muscles or glands

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5
Q

How do glands respond?

A

By releasing hormones

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6
Q

How do muscles respond?

A

By contracting - movement

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7
Q

Receptor cells for eye

A

Rods and cones

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8
Q

Receptor cells for tongue

A

Taste buds

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9
Q

Receptor cells for skin

A

Temperature and pressure

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10
Q

Receptor cells for nose

A

Smell and taste

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11
Q

Stimulus for eye

A

Light

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12
Q

Stimulus for tongue

A

Chemical

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13
Q

Stimulus for skin

A

Pressure and heat

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14
Q

Stimulus for nose

A

Chemical and chemical

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15
Q

3 types of neurone

A

Sensory, relay, motor

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16
Q

What do sensory nerves do?

A

Carry electrical impulses from receptor cells to the CNS

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17
Q

What do relay nerves do?

A

Carry electrical impulses from sensory to motor

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18
Q

What do motor nerves do?

A

Carry electrical impulses from CNS to glands/muscles (effectors)

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19
Q

Flowchart to nervous response

A

Stimulus -> receptor -> sensory neurone -> CNS -> relay nerve -> motor neurone -> effector -> response

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20
Q

What is a reflex action?

A

An automatic response to a stimulus

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20
Q

How does a synapse work?

A
  • impulse arrives at synapse
  • neurotransmitter is released and diffuses across the gap
  • bind to receptor which triggers a new impulse
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21
Q

Eye anatomy

A
  • iris
  • cornea
  • suspensory ligaments
  • ciliary muscle
  • retina
  • optic nerve
  • lens
  • pupil
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22
Q

Iris

A

Alters pupil size by contracting/relaxing

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23
Q

Lens

A

Focuses light clearly onto the retina and refracts it

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24
Cornea
Protects the eye, refracts light
24
Pupil
Black hole in the eye which allows light to pass through
25
Optic nerve
Carries nerve impulses to the brain
25
Retina
Has light receptors which detect light and convert into electric impulses -> optic nerve
26
Ciliary muscle
Alters the shape of the lens
27
Suspensory ligaments
Connects the ciliary muscle to the lens
28
In dim light
Pupil dilates Circular muscle relaxes and radial muscle contracts
29
In bright light
Pupil constricts Circular muscle contracts and radial muscle relaxes
30
How does the eye work?
- light enters the eye through the pupil and is refracted by the cornea and the lens - light rays are focused onto the retina and the image is sent to the brain via the optic nerve
31
What is accommodation?
- when our lens changes shape in order to focus light coming from different distances - shape of our lens is controlled by the ciliary muscle
32
For close objects
- ciliary muscle contracts - suspensory ligaments are relaxing - lens becomes thicker
33
For near objects
- ciliary muscle relaxes - suspensory ligaments are contracting - lens becomes thinner
34
Long sightedness (hypermetropia)
- can't see objects far away - eyeball is too short or lens is too weak - image forms behind retina
35
Short sightedness (myopia)
- can't see objects near - eyeball is too long or lens is too strong - image forms infront retina
36
Correcting short sightedness
- using a concave lens - refracts light rays outwards - clear image forms on the retina
37
Correcting long sightedness
- using a convex lens - refracts light rays inwards - clear image forms on the retina
38
What is colour blindness?
- people who have difficulty making out colours or who cannot see colour at all
39
Rods
Respond to light and allow you to see in low light levels
40
Cones
Respond to different colours - different cone cells respond to red, blue and green light
41
What is the brain?
- complex organ - more than 100 billion nerves that communicate in trillions of connections called synapses
42
Cerebrum
Controls complex behaviour such as learning and memory, personality and conscious thought and language
43
Cerebellum
Controls posture and balance and involuntary movements
44
Medulla
Controls automatic actions such as blinking and breathing
45
Hypothalumus
Regulates temperature and water balanceP
46
Pituitary gland
Stores and releases hormones that regulates many body functions
47
3 ways of investigating the brain
- electrodes - CT scans - MRI scans
48
Electrodes
- placed inside animal and human brains - transmit electrical impulses which results in movement in different parts of their body - allows scientists to link an area of the brain to region of the body it controls
49
CT (computed tomography)
- uses x-rays to create 3D images of inside of the body - can't be done regularly because of radiation - links to changes in patient's behaviour
50
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
- use powerful magnets to identify brain abnormalities - fMRI produces images in real time
51
CNS (central nervous system)
Brain and spinal cord
52
PNS (peripheral nervous system)
All neurones connected CNS to the rest of the body
53
Damage that can occur
- injury - disease - genetic condition - ingesting a toxic substance
54
Effects of the damage
- inability to detect some stimuli - numbness - loss of coordiantion
55
PNS damage
- limited ability to regenerate - minor nerve damage: self heals - major nerve damage: surgery
56
CNS damage
- loss of control of body systems - partial/complete paralysis - processing difficulties/memory loss - CNS cannot regenerate
57
CNS serious damage
- disease or damage to the spinal cord or brain is often impossible to repair - spinal cord has 31 pairs of nerves, repairing one nerve without damaging another is tricky - spinal injuries usually lead to permanent disability
58
Diagnosis
- damage to the brain is often difficult to diagnose but you can use MRI and CT scans
59
Treatment for brain tumour
Radiotherapy Chemotherapy
60
Treatment to remove damaged brain tissue
Surgery
61
What is a reflex?
An automatic response to a stimulus

B3: Organism Level Systems (1 decks)

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