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bluenotelog > B3.1 Nervous System > Flashcards

B3.1 Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of your nervous system?

A

To detect a change in the external environment and to cause a response

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2
Q

What are the 3 main stages to a nervous response?

A

There is a change in the environment eg light or heat (stimulus)
Receptors detect the stimulus
Effectors such as muscles or glands cause a response

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3
Q

What do receptor cells do and where are they found?

A

They are found in your sense organs such as eye, tongue, skin and nose and they detect stimuli. They then change the stimuli into electrical impulses

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4
Q

What is the CNS?

A

Central nervous system

Made of the brain and spinal cord and are protected by the skull and bones

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5
Q

What are sensory neurones?

A

The neurone that carries electrical impulses from receptor cells to the CNS

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6
Q

What are relay neurones?

A

Found in the CNS and carry impulses from sensory to motor neurones

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7
Q

What are motor neurones?

A

Neurones that carry impulses away from the CNS to effectors

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8
Q

What is the structure of a sensory neurone?

A

Nucleus in the middle surrounded by cell body, myelin sheet for insulation, axon and dendrons on in the center

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9
Q

What is the structure of a relay neurone?

A

The round one

Nucleus in the centre surrounded by cell body then dendrons then dendrites

Direction of impulse from outside to inside

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10
Q

Structure of motor neurones

A

Nucleus on the end surrounded by cell body and dendrites

Direction of impulse from left(nucleus side) to right

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11
Q

What are nerves?

A

Bundles of many neurones

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12
Q

Flow diagram of a nervous reactions and how long it takes

A

Stimulus - receptor cells - sensory neurone - spinal cord - brain - spinal cord - motor neurone - effector - response

0.7 seconds

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13
Q

What is a coordinated response?

A

Responses sent to different parts of your body to produce different responses

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14
Q

What is a reflex action?

A

Involuntary reaction s which occur without thinking, probably when you are in danger. Only takes 0.2 seconds as the brain is missed out

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15
Q

Name some normal reflex actions

A

Breathing, heart rate, digestion

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16
Q

Write the reflex arc

A

Stimulus - receptor cells - sensory neurones - spinal cord - motor neurones - effectors - response

17
Q

How are images formed in the eye?

A

The cornea refracts light
Light passes through the pupil and is refracted by the lens onto the retina
Photoreceptors which detect light produce a nervous impulse when exposed to light
The impulse travels down the optic nerve to the brain

18
Q

What happens when you focus on near objects?

A

The ciliary muscle contracts so the lense becomes convex(fatter)

19
Q

What happens when you focus on far objects?

A

Ciliary muscles relax, lens becomes concave(thin)

20
Q

What is short sightedness? What is it caused by? What is it corrected by?

A

When far objects are blurry
Caused by lens being too strong or eyeball being to long so the light rays meet before the retina is reached
Concave lens to bend light outwards

21
Q

What is long sightedness? What is it caused by? How is it corrected?

A

When close objects are blurry
Caused by lens being too weak or eyeball being too short so light rays go past the retina and don’t focus on it
Corrected by convex lens which bends light inwards

22
Q

What are the 2 types of photoreceptor cells and what do they detect?

A

Rods - light

Cones - colour(red,blue,green)

23
Q

What is colour blindness?

A

People who cannot see some colours. Most common form is red green colour blindness where people cannot see the different between red and green

24
Q

What is the function of the brain?

A

To process all the information collected by receptor cells about changes in internal or external environments to produce a coordinated response. It is a central control centre

25
Q

What does the cerebrum do?

A

Control complex behaviour, memory, personality, thought

26
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

Controls balance, posture, involuntary movements

27
Q

What does the medulla do?

A

Automatic actions like breathing

28
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Regulates temperature and water balance

29
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

Releases hormones

30
Q

How is the brain investigated?

A

Case studies can be used. If a part of the brain has been damaged the effect in the patient can tell you about the function of the damaged part

Placing electrodes in brains which transmit electrical impulses which result in movements of the body which helps us link parts of the brain to the body

CT Scans

MRI scans

31
Q

What are CT scans?

A

CT(Computed tomography) scans - use xrays to create 3d images so that abnormalities can be detected. However it can’t be used regularly as high dosages of xrays increase risk of cancer

32
Q

What are MRI scans?

A

Magnetic resonance imaging uses powerful magnets to identify brain abnormalities.

fMRI produces live images and shows areas of increased blood flow which are active when a specific activity is being done

33
Q

What is the PNS?

A

Peripheral nervous system - all the neurones that connect the CNS to the body

34
Q

What can damage to the PNS or CNS occur from?

A

Injuries, disease, genetic conditions, toxic substances(eg lead)

35
Q

What does damage to the nervous system mean?

A

Impulse cannot be passed effectively

36
Q

Effects of PNS nervous system damage?

A

Inability to detect pain and numbness
Loss of coordination

Has limited ability to regenerate so severe damage needs surgery

37
Q

Effects of damage to CNS?

A

Loss of control of body systems
Partial or full Paralysis
Memory loss

CNS cannot regenerate so damage is permanent unless surgery

38
Q

Why is is difficult to repair the CNS?

A

Identifying individual nerve fibres in the spinal cord without damaging others is extremely difficult

Damage to brain is difficult to diagnose

39
Q

Treatments to CNS damage

A

Radio/chemo therapy for brain tumours
Surgery to remove tissue
Deep brain stimulation where an electrode stimulates brain function

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