B3.1 Control Systems

Question 1

What are the three main functions of the kidneys?

Answer 1

Removal of the urea from the blood
Adjustment of the ion levels in the blood
Adjustment of water content in the blood

Question 2

Which substances are squeezed out of the blood by high pressure?

Answer 2

Water
Urea
Ions
Glucose

Question 3

Which substances are not filtered out by the kidneys?

Answer 3

Proteins and blood cells

Question 4

Which substances are selectively reabsorbed?

Answer 4

Glucose

Sufficient water

Question 5

What is water content controlled by?

Answer 5

Negative feedback

Question 6

What hormone controls water content?

Answer 6

Anti-Diuretic-Hormone (ADH)

Question 7

If you are dehydrated, how is it adjusted?

Answer 7

Brain detects water loss
Pituitary gland releases more ADH
ADH makes kidneys absorb more water
Hydrated

Question 8

What is the function of a dialysis machine?

Answer 8

To filter blood for patients who have kidney failure.

Question 9

What is an alternative solution to dialysis for patients with kidney failure?

Answer 9

A kidney transplant

Question 10

What is the danger of a kidney transplant?

Answer 10

They can be rejected by the patients body.

Question 11

What are the adaptations of an egg that suit it?

Answer 11

Contains nutrients to nourish the developing embryo

After fertilisation, the membrane changes its structure to stop more sperm getting in

Question 12

What features does a sperm cell have?

Answer 12

Long tails to swim
Lots of mitochondria to respire when swimming
They store enzymes to break through the egg

Question 13

What is FSH and its uses in the menstrual cycle?

Answer 13

Follicle-stimulating hormone causes a follicle to mature in an ovary and it stimulates oestrogen production.

Question 14

What is the purpose of Oestrogen in the menstrual cycle?

Answer 14

It causes the lining of the uterus to thicken and grow, as well as stimulating an LSH surge.

Question 15

What is LH and its purpose in the menstrual cycle?

Answer 15

Luteinising Hormone stimulates the follicle to rupture and release the egg. It also stimulates the remainder of the follicle to develop into a structure called a corpus luteum which secretes progesterone.

Question 16

What is the purpose of Progesterone in the menstrual cycle?

Answer 16

Maintains the lining of the uterus
Prevents the production of FSH and LH
When progesterone levels fall and theres a low oestrogen level, the lining of the uterus breaks down
A low progesterone level allows FSH to increase, which starts the cycle again.

Question 17

Which hormone in a woman is high during pregnancy?

Answer 17

Progesterone

Question 18

What are X and Y chromosomes?

Answer 18

The 23rd pair of chromosomes that control wether you’re male of female.

Question 19

What X and Y chromosomes determine if you’re male or female?

Answer 19

XX = female
XY = male

Question 20

What is a sex-linked genetic disorder?

Answer 20

A disorder linked to your gender

Question 21

What are two examples of sex-linked disorders?

Answer 21

Colour-blindness

Haemophilia

Question 22

Why are men more likely to get a sex-linked disorder?

Answer 22

Men only have one X chromosome as it contains the faulty allele. So the disorder will come through even if it is recessive.

Question 23

What is the term for someone who has a faulty allele but doesnt have the disorder?

Answer 23

A carrier

Question 24

What is the ration in offspring of normal:carrier:colour blind if the mother is a carrier and the father is normal?

Answer 24

2:1:1

Question 25

Who showed that microbes caused disease and decomposition?

Answer 25

Louis Pasteur

Question 26

What experiment was carried out to prove microbes existed?

Answer 26

Two flasks with broth were heated and left. One had a straight neck and the other a swan neck. The microbes settled in the loop of the swan flask, so the broth stayed fresh, but the other one didnt.

Question 27

How can you investigate microorganism growth?

Answer 27

By using resazurin dye.

Question 28

What are the colour changes resazurin dye goes through as oxygen concentration gets less?

Answer 28

``` Blue Lilac Mauve Pink Colourless ```

Question 29

How do white blood cells help fight off infection?

Answer 29

The B-lymphocytes produce antibodies to attack the antigens of an invading pathogen.

Question 30

What is the function of a memory lymphocyte?

Answer 30

It remembers a specific antigen and can attack that quickly.

Question 31

How does immunisation work?

Answer 31

Injecting dead or inactive microorganisms into the body so your body makes antibodies and memory lymphocytes to attack them.

Question 32

Who invented the first vaccine and what was it for?

Answer 32

Edward Jenner invented a vaccine against smallpox.

Question 33

What is a monoclonal antibody?

Answer 33

A lab grown antibody that quickly targets cells to kill them.

Question 34

How is a monoclonal antibody created?

Answer 34

A B-lymphocyte is taken from a mouse injected with a chosen antigen which is fused with a fast-dividing tumour cell. Thsi makes a hybridoma. These divide very quickly to produce lots of monoclonal antibodies.

Question 35

What is a use of monoclonal antibodies?

Answer 35

Pregnancy tests.

Question 36

What are some uses of monoclonal antibodies?

Answer 36

Diagnose Cancer Treat Cancer Finding blood clots

Question 37

What 3 drugs come from plants?

Answer 37

Aspirin Taxol Quinine

Question 38

What are examples of pests?

Answer 38

Fruit flies | Weeds

Question 39

What are circadian rhythms?

Answer 39

Biological processes that follow a 24hour clock

Question 40

What are some examples of circadian rhythms?

Answer 40

Hormone production Body temperature Sleep patterns

Question 41

What examples of circadian rhythms are found in plants?

Answer 41

Stomata opening | Flower opening