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Biology 3 > B3.1 Control Systems > Flashcards

B3.1 Control Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three main functions of the kidneys?

A

Removal of the urea from the blood
Adjustment of the ion levels in the blood
Adjustment of water content in the blood

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2
Q

Which substances are squeezed out of the blood by high pressure?

A

Water
Urea
Ions
Glucose

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3
Q

Which substances are not filtered out by the kidneys?

A

Proteins and blood cells

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4
Q

Which substances are selectively reabsorbed?

A

Glucose

Sufficient water

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5
Q

What is water content controlled by?

A

Negative feedback

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6
Q

What hormone controls water content?

A

Anti-Diuretic-Hormone (ADH)

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7
Q

If you are dehydrated, how is it adjusted?

A

Brain detects water loss
Pituitary gland releases more ADH
ADH makes kidneys absorb more water
Hydrated

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8
Q

What is the function of a dialysis machine?

A

To filter blood for patients who have kidney failure.

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9
Q

What is an alternative solution to dialysis for patients with kidney failure?

A

A kidney transplant

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10
Q

What is the danger of a kidney transplant?

A

They can be rejected by the patients body.

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11
Q

What are the adaptations of an egg that suit it?

A

Contains nutrients to nourish the developing embryo

After fertilisation, the membrane changes its structure to stop more sperm getting in

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12
Q

What features does a sperm cell have?

A

Long tails to swim
Lots of mitochondria to respire when swimming
They store enzymes to break through the egg

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13
Q

What is FSH and its uses in the menstrual cycle?

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone causes a follicle to mature in an ovary and it stimulates oestrogen production.

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14
Q

What is the purpose of Oestrogen in the menstrual cycle?

A

It causes the lining of the uterus to thicken and grow, as well as stimulating an LSH surge.

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15
Q

What is LH and its purpose in the menstrual cycle?

A

Luteinising Hormone stimulates the follicle to rupture and release the egg. It also stimulates the remainder of the follicle to develop into a structure called a corpus luteum which secretes progesterone.

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16
Q

What is the purpose of Progesterone in the menstrual cycle?

A

Maintains the lining of the uterus
Prevents the production of FSH and LH
When progesterone levels fall and theres a low oestrogen level, the lining of the uterus breaks down
A low progesterone level allows FSH to increase, which starts the cycle again.

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17
Q

Which hormone in a woman is high during pregnancy?

A

Progesterone

18
Q

What are X and Y chromosomes?

A

The 23rd pair of chromosomes that control wether you’re male of female.

19
Q

What X and Y chromosomes determine if you’re male or female?

A 
XX = female
XY = male
20
Q

What is a sex-linked genetic disorder?

A

A disorder linked to your gender

21
Q

What are two examples of sex-linked disorders?

A

Colour-blindness

Haemophilia

22
Q

Why are men more likely to get a sex-linked disorder?

A

Men only have one X chromosome as it contains the faulty allele. So the disorder will come through even if it is recessive.

23
Q

What is the term for someone who has a faulty allele but doesnt have the disorder?

A

A carrier

24
Q

What is the ration in offspring of normal:carrier:colour blind if the mother is a carrier and the father is normal?

A

2:1:1

25
Q

Who showed that microbes caused disease and decomposition?

A

Louis Pasteur

26
Q

What experiment was carried out to prove microbes existed?

A

Two flasks with broth were heated and left. One had a straight neck and the other a swan neck. The microbes settled in the loop of the swan flask, so the broth stayed fresh, but the other one didnt.

27
Q

How can you investigate microorganism growth?

A

By using resazurin dye.

28
Q

What are the colour changes resazurin dye goes through as oxygen concentration gets less?

A 
Blue
Lilac
Mauve
Pink
Colourless
29
Q

How do white blood cells help fight off infection?

A

The B-lymphocytes produce antibodies to attack the antigens of an invading pathogen.

30
Q

What is the function of a memory lymphocyte?

A

It remembers a specific antigen and can attack that quickly.

31
Q

How does immunisation work?

A

Injecting dead or inactive microorganisms into the body so your body makes antibodies and memory lymphocytes to attack them.

32
Q

Who invented the first vaccine and what was it for?

A

Edward Jenner invented a vaccine against smallpox.

33
Q

What is a monoclonal antibody?

A

A lab grown antibody that quickly targets cells to kill them.

34
Q

How is a monoclonal antibody created?

A

A B-lymphocyte is taken from a mouse injected with a chosen antigen which is fused with a fast-dividing tumour cell. Thsi makes a hybridoma. These divide very quickly to produce lots of monoclonal antibodies.

35
Q

What is a use of monoclonal antibodies?

A

Pregnancy tests.

36
Q

What are some uses of monoclonal antibodies?

A

Diagnose Cancer
Treat Cancer
Finding blood clots

37
Q

What 3 drugs come from plants?

A

Aspirin
Taxol
Quinine

38
Q

What are examples of pests?

A

Fruit flies

Weeds

39
Q

What are circadian rhythms?

A

Biological processes that follow a 24hour clock

40
Q

What are some examples of circadian rhythms?

A

Hormone production
Body temperature
Sleep patterns

41
Q

What examples of circadian rhythms are found in plants?

A

Stomata opening

Flower opening

Biology 3 (3 decks)

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