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B1-B3 > B3.1 > Flashcards

B3.1 Flashcards

1
Q

How does your nervous system send impulses

A

It detects changes in the external environment
Sends this information to your brain where it is processed
Your brain decides on an appropriate response and sends an impulse to another part of your body telling it how to respond

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2
Q

What are the 3 main stages to a nervous response

A
  1. There is a change in environment (this is the STIMULUS)
  2. Groups of cells detect the stimulus ( these are the SENSORY RECEPTORS)
  3. a response occurs from the EFFECTORS. These are muscles or glands
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3
Q

How do muscles respond to an impulse?

A

By contracting

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4
Q

How do glands respond to an impulse

A

By releasing hormones

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5
Q

Where are receptor cells found

A

In your sense organs.

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6
Q

What do receptor cells detect?

A

They detect different stimuli. They change the stimulus into an electrical impulse that travels along the neurones to the CNS

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7
Q

Why are the CNS protected

A

They are made of delicate nervous tissue so are protected by bones.
The skill protects the brain
The vertebral column protects the spinal cord.

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8
Q

What is the receptor and stimulus for the eye

A

Receptor: light
Stimulus: light

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9
Q

What are the receptors and stimulus for the tongue

A

Receptor: taste
Stimulus: chemical

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10
Q

What are the receptors and stimulus for the skin

A

Receptor: pressure , temperature
Stimulus: pressure, heat

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11
Q

What are the receptors and stimulus for the nose

A

Receptor: smell , taste
Stimulus: chemical, chemical

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12
Q

What are the 3 types of neurones

A

Sensory neurones
Relay neurones
Motor neurones

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13
Q

What does a sensory neurone do?

A

It carries electrical impulses from the receptor cells to the CNS

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14
Q

What do relay neurones do?

A

They carry electrical impulses from sensory neurones to motor neurones

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15
Q

What do motor neurones do?

A

They carry electrical impulses from the CNS to effectors

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16
Q

What is a flow diagram for the steps involved in a nervous reaction?

A

Stimulus -> receptor cells -> sensory neurones -> spinal cord -> brain -> spinal cord -> motor neurones -> effector -> response

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17
Q

What is a co-ordinated response

A

A series of impulses being sent to different parts of the body producing the required action

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18
Q

What are voluntary actions

A

They occur as a result of you consciously deciding that you want to do something

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19
Q

What is a reflex action

A

They are automatic/ involuntary.
They occur without thinking
They only take 0.2 seconds

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20
Q

What does a dilated pupil do?

A

It allows more light into the eye so you can see in dim light
(Black bit is larger)

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21
Q

Flow diagram for a reflex action / reflex arc

A

Stimulus -> receptor cells -> sensory neurone -> spinal cord -> motor neurone -> effector -> response

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22
Q

What is the eye

A

It is the sense organ that allows you to see

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23
Q

Description and function of the cornea

A

Description: transparent coating on the front of the eye

Function: protects the eye, refracts light entering the eye

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24
Q

Description and function of the pupil

A

Description: central hole in the iris
Function: allows eye to enter the eye

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25
Q

Description and function of the iris

A

Description: coloured ring of muscle tissue

FUNCTION : Alters pupil size by contracting or relaxing

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26
Q

Description and function of the lens

A

Description: transparent biconvex lens
Function: focuses light clearly onto the retina

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27
Q

Description and function of the ciliary muscle

A

DESCRIPTION: a ring muscle of tissue
FUNCTION: alters the shape of the lens

28
Q

Description and function of the sensory ligaments

A

Description: ligament tissue
Function: connects ciliary muscle to the lens

29
Q

Description and function of the optic nerve

A

Description: nervous tissue
Function: carries nerve impulses to the brain

30
Q

How are images formed?

A

The cornea refracts incoming light rays. This provided most of the focus to the incoming light
The light then passes through the pupil and is further refracted by the lens
This creates a sharp image in the retina
Light sensitive (photoreceptors) cells in the retina produce a nervous impulse when exposed to light.
This impulse travels down the optic nerve to the brain which interprets impulses as a visual image.

31
Q

What happens so that you can focus on NEAR objects

A

Your ciliary muscle contracts and your lens becomes more convex (fatter)

32
Q

What happens to allow you to focus on distant objects?

A

Your ciliary muscle relaxes and your lens becomes less convex (thinner)

33
Q

What causes short sightedness

A

A persons lens is too strong or the eyeball is too long

34
Q

What causes long sightedness

A

A persons lens is too weak or the eyeball is too strong

35
Q

What can you do to correct short sightedness

A

Use a concave lens to bend the light rays outward before light enters the eye so that they now meet on the retina and the image is in focus

36
Q

How can you correct long sightedness

A

A convex lens bends light rays inwards before they enter the eye. The light rays now meet on the retina so the image is in focus

37
Q

What are the two types of photoreceptor cells in the retina

A

Rods and cones

38
Q

What are rods

A

They respond to light and allow you to see in low light levels. They are not responsive to different colours

39
Q

What are cones?

A

They respond to different colours. Different cone cells respond to red, blue and green light.

40
Q

What is the function of the brain

A

It processes all the information collected by receptor cells about changes in your internal and external environment. It also receives and processes information from your hormonal system and produces a coordinated response

41
Q

How many neurones are in an adult brain?

A

86 billion

42
Q

What are the 5 main areas of the brain?

A 
cerebrum 
cerebellum
medulla 
Hypothalamus 
Pituitary gland
43
Q

What does the cerebrum do?

A

Controls complex behaviours such as learning memory personality and conscious thought

44
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

Controls posture, balance and involuntary movement

45
Q

What does the medulla do?

A

Controls automatic actions such as heart rate ate breaking rate

46
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Regulates temperature and water balance

47
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

Stores and releases hormones that regulate body functions

48
Q

How can you investigate brain function?

A

Analysing the damaged region and its effects enabled scientists to work out the function of different regions

Placing electrodes inside animal and human brains. The electrodes transmit electrical impulses which result in movement in different parts of the body allowing scientists to link areas of the brain with the region of the body it controls
CT SCANS
MRI SCANS
fMRI scans

49
Q

Difficulties with investigating brain function

A

Patients have to give consent for medical info to be shared

Many case studies need to be analysed to draw reliable conclusions.

Several areas of the brain may be involved in a specific function

Animal testing is unethical

50
Q

What is a CT SCAN?

A

Computed tomography scans use X rays to create 3D images of inside the body

The position of any abnormalities can be linked to changes in a patients behaviour.

They cannot be used regularly as X ray radiation increases the risk of cancer

51
Q

What is a MRI scan?

A

Magnetic resonance imaging scans use powerful magnets to identify brain abnormalities,

52
Q

What is an fMRI scan?

A

Functional magnetic resonance imaging produced images in real time,

Scientists identify areas of the brain that show increased blood flow. These areas are active when a person is carrying out a specific activity.

53
Q

What is the PNS?

A

It consists of all the neurones that connect the CNS to the rest of the body.

These are the sensory neurones and the motor neurones

54
Q

What does the dendron do?

A

Carry electrical impulses to the cell body.

55
Q

What does the axon do?

A

Transmit impulse away from the cell body

56
Q

What does having a central control system mean?

A

Neuronal communication is faster.

57
Q

How can nervous system damage to the CNS or PNS occur?

A

Injury
Disease
A genetic condition
Ingesting a toxic substance

58
Q

What are the effects of damage to the PNS?

A

Inability to detect pain
Loss of co-ordination
numbness

59
Q

Explain what happens to minor nerve damage in the PNS

A

The PNS has a limited ability to regenerate

Minor nerve damage often self-heals and the symptoms gradually decrease.

60
Q

Effects of damage to the CNS

A

A loss of control of body systems
Partial of complete paralysis
Memory loss or processing difficulties

61
Q

Why is it difficult to repair the CNS

A

The spinal cord is around 1.5 cm in diameter so identifying and repairing damage to an individual nerve fibre without damaging others is very difficult.

62
Q

How can some conditions for the brain be treated?

A

Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy
Surgery
Deep brain stimulation

63
Q

What can radiotherapy and chemotherapy be used to treat?

A

It can be used to treat a brain tumour

64
Q

How can surgery be used to treat damage to the brain

A

It can be used to remove damaged brain tissue

65
Q

What is deep brain stimulation and what does it do?

A

Inserting an electrode to stimulate brain function

B1-B3 (5 decks)

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