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B3-Tissues and Organs Flashcards

1
Q

what organs are found in the circulatory system?

A
  • blood vessels
    -blood
    -heart
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2
Q

what organs are found in the respiratory system?

A

-trachea
-nose
-mouth
-bronchi
-lungs
-intercostal muscles
-diaphragm

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3
Q

what organs are found in the nervous system?

A

-brain
-spinal cord

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4
Q

what organs are found in the reproductive system?

A

-ovaries
-fallopian tube
-uterus
-cervix
-vagina

-prostate
-testes
-penis

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5
Q

what organs are found in the digestive system?

A

-oesophagus
-stomach
-pancreas
-mouth
-liver
-small intestine
-large intestine

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6
Q

what is meant by the term tissue?

A

A group of cells working together to perform a shared function

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7
Q

what is meant by the term organ?

A

a structure made up of different tissues that work together to perform a specific function

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8
Q

what is meant by the term organ system?

A

a group of organs that work together to perform a specific function in the body.

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9
Q

What is the function of the heart?

A

to pump blood and oxygen around the body and deliver waste products (carbon dioxide) back to the lungs to be removed

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10
Q

what is the function of the endocrine system?

A

to regulate and coordinate vital bodily functions through the use of hormones

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11
Q

what tissue makes up the heart?

A

cardiac muscle tissue

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12
Q

why are the cells of multicellular organisms organised into different levels?

A

because they are extremely complex and must have specialized cells that function for a particular area of the body.

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13
Q

what is the function of glandular tissues in organs?

A

produce and secrete substances like hormones, enzymes, and fluids

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13
Q

what is the function of epithelial tissue in organs?

A

protect underlying tissues and organs from various threats like physical damage, toxins, and pathogens

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14
Q

what is the function of muscular tissue in organs?

A

allow movement by contracting and relaxing in response to signals from the nervous system

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15
Q

What is the function of the liver?

A

to produce bile which emulsifies fats ( breaks them down into fatty acids and glycerol) and neutralises stomach acid (hydrochloric) in the small intestine

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16
Q

what is the function of the oesophagus

A

to transport food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach. It does this through a process called peristalsis (muscular contractions helping to squeeze food through the digestive system)

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17
Q

what is the function of the mouth in the digestive system?

A

to perform mechanical digestion wherein large molecules of food are broken down into smaller, more soluble pieces and to secrete amylase in the salivary glands ( an enzyme that speeds up the breaking down of starch)

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18
Q

what is the role of the stomach in the digestive system?

A

In the stomach, peristalsis helps churn the food with gastric juices (hydrochloric acid), breaking it down into smaller, digestible pieces called chyme. It also secretes pepsin which breaks proteins down into amino acids.

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19
Q

What pH does the stomach have?

A

around 2- Pepsin works best at this pH

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20
Q

what is the function of the small intestine?

A

The small intestine absorbs most of the nutrients from food into the bloodstream and through a process called peristalsis, squeezes food through the digestive tract

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21
Q

what is the function of the large intestine?

A

absorb water and electrolytes from undigested food matter, converting it into solid waste (faeces) that is then expelled from the body.

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22
Q

what is the function of the pancreas in digestion?

A

producing and releasing enzymes (protease, carbohydrase and lipase) that break down proteins, fats, and carbohydrates in the small intestine

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23
Q

How is the small intestine adapted to its function?

A
  • highly folded surface with millions of villi increase surface area ( there is more space for molecules to diffuse across the membrane)
    -short diffusion distance ( walls of the villi are only one cell thick)
    -steep concentration gradient- villi are well supplied with a network of blood capillaries
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24
where is bile stored in the body?
gallbladder
25
what is the function of carbohydrates?
provide the body with energy- broken down into simple sugars primarily glucose which is used in respiration and releases usable energy in the form of ATP
26
what are the two groups of carbohydrates?
- simple carbohydrates( sugars that break down quickly for energy) - complex carbohydrates (starch which is formed of long chains of sugars joined together)
27
what is the function of protein in the body?
-growth and repair
28
what do they break down into?
a string of amino acids
29
what is the function of lipids?
Energy, make up part of cell membranes so essential for normal growth
30
what do they break down into?
3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol
31
What is the aim for the GCSE practical: food testing?
identify the presence or absence of different food molecules, specifically carbohydrates (including sugars and starch), lipids (fats), and proteins.
32
how do you collect a sample?
Break up the food using a pestle and mortar Transfer to a test tube and add distilled water Mix the food with the water by stirring with a glass rod Filter the mixture using a funnel and filter paper, collecting the solution Proceed with the food tests
33
How do you test each sample for presence of glucose?
-set up a water bath using a bunsen burner -add food sample to test tube with a few drops of benedict's solution - put in water bath at 80 degrees celcius for 5 mins and note down any colour changes
34
How do you test each sample for the presence of starch?
-add food sample to test tube -add few drops of iodine -note down any colour changes
35
How do you test each sample for the presence of lipids?
- add food sample to test tube -add few drops of distilled water and ethanol -shake solution gently and note down colour change
36
How do you test each sample for the presence of protein?
- add food sample to test tube -add a few drops of Biuret A and Biuret B -shake gently and note down any colour changes
37
what is the colour of the regeant iodine solution?
orange-brown
38
what is the colour of the reagent Benedict's solution?
light blue
39
what is the colour of the reagent biuret solution?
blue
40
What is the colour of the reagent ethanol solution?
colourless
41
what does a positive test for starch look like?
solution turns blue-black
42
what does a positive test for sugars look like?
solution turns green to brick-red
43
what does a positive test for lipids look like?
solution becomes a cloudy emulsion
44
what does the positive test for protein look like?
solution turns lilac-purple
45
what happens when there is none of the tested food molecule present?
the solution remains the same colour as the regeant
46
what is the structure of simple sugars?
Simple sugars, also known as monosaccharides, are the basic building blocks of carbohydrates. They consist of a chain of carbon atoms, typically with one or more hydroxyl groups attached
47
what is the structure of starch?
a mixture of two polysaccharides called amylose and amylopectin
48
what is the structure of proteins?
the sequence of amino acids linked together to form a polypeptide chain
49
what is a polymer?
large molecules made up of repeating units called monomers
50
what are polysaccharides?
a complex carbohydrate made of many simple sugar molecules (monosaccharides) linked together by glycosidic bonds
50
what food molecules are considered polymers?
proteins, polysaccharides and fats
51
what is an enzyme?
a biological catalyst, which is a protein molecule that speeds up chemical reactions within living organisms without being used up in the process
52
How does the lock and key model explain enzyme action?
The "lock and key" model explains enzyme action by suggesting that enzymes, acting as a lock, have an active site that perfectly complements the shape of its substrate, the key. This complementary shape ensures that only specific substrates can bind and be catalyzed by the enzyme, leading to highly specific reactions.
53
How do enzymes speed up reactions?
Enzymes act by reducing the activation energy , thereby increasing the rate of reaction.
54
How do enzymes control metabolism?
enzymes speed up metabolism (sum of all the chemical reactions in your body) by providing an alternative reaction pathway of lower activation energy which increases rate of reaction
55
what is the aim of the practical for testing enzyme activity?
To investigate the effect of pH on the rate of reaction of amylase
56
How do you carry out this experiment?
Use the enzyme amylase to breakdown starch at a range of pH values, using iodine solution as an indicator for the reaction occurring Use a continuous sampling technique to monitor the progress of the reaction- use a spotting tile and place single drops of iodine solution into each space- then add amylase+ pH buffer to a test tube, mix then add starch and start stopwatch: after 10s intervals add a drop of solution to each space on spotting tile
57
How will you be able to test optimum pH?
the quicker it takes for the amylase enzyme to break down the starch, the more optimum the pH ( you test this by seeing how long it takes for the blue-black solution in the spotting tile to return to the reagent's original colour (orange-brown)
58
what are the variables for this investigation?
independent: the pH of the buffer solution dependent: time taken for the solution in the spotting tile to turn orange-brown control: method can be adapted to control temp by using a water bath at 35 degrees celsius
59
why is 35 degrees celcius the optimum temp for enzyme activity?
it is around the same temp as our internal body temperature (37 degrees celcius)
60
How does temperature affect how well and enzyme functions?
As the temperature increases so does the rate of enzyme activity. An optimum activity is reached at the enzyme's optimum temperature. A continued increase in temperature results in a sharp decrease in activity as the enzyme's active site changes shape. It is now denatured.
61
How does pH affect how well an enzyme functions?
Changes in pH also alter the shape of an enzyme’s active site. Each enzyme work bests at a specific pH value. The optimum pH for an enzyme depends on where it normally works. For example, enzymes in the small intestine have an optimum pH of about 7.5, but stomach enzymes have an optimum pH of about 2. As the pH increases so does the rate of enzyme activity. An optimum activity is reached at the enzyme’s optimum pH. A continued increase in pH results in a sharp decrease in activity as the enzyme’s active site changes shape. It is now denatured.
62
Why does too high a pH or temperature cause an enzyme to denature?
Heat and pH can disrupt the weak bonds holding the protein's structure together causing its active site to deform and no longer complement and bind to a substrate
63
How do you calculate the rate of reaction on a curved line?
-draw a tangent at the point on the curve where you want to calculate the rate -choose two distinct points on the tangent line -calculate change in y and change in x -divide change in y by change in x ( find the gradient)
64
where in the body is carbohydrase produced?
-salivary glands (amylase) -pancreas -small intestine
65
where is protease produced?
-stomach (pepsin) -pancreas -small intestine
66
where is lipase produced?
-small intestine -pancreas
67
what is starch broken down into?
glucose
68
How does acid in the stomach increase the efficiency of pepsin?
- the acidic environment creates an optimum pH for pepsin to work at as it functions most efficiently at a pH of 2
69
how does bile increase the rate of fat digestion?
through a process called emulsification, where it breaks down large fat globules into smaller droplets. This increased surface area of the smaller droplets allows lipase enzymes to more efficiently break down the fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

Biology (3 decks)

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