Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology OCR GCSE > B3 - Organism-Level Systems > Flashcards

B3 - Organism-Level Systems Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
GCSE Geography - AQA flashcards AP® Biology flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Edexcel Route B flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Eduqas Route A flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Edexcel Route A flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Eduqas Route B flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe the role of sensory neurones.

A

To send nervous (electrical) impulses from receptors to the central nervous system (CNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Give some examples of effectors.

A

1) muscle

2) gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the purpose of a reflex action?

A

To stop you injuring yourself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the pathway from stimulus to response.

A

1) stimulus
2) receptor
3) sensory neurone
4) central nervous system
5) motor neurone
6) effector
7) response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What term describes an eye condition in which a person can’t tell the difference between certain colours?

A

Colour blindness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are electrical impulses passed along?

A

The axon of a neurone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why do neurones have dendrites?

A

So they connect with lots of other neurones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does a fatty (myelin) sheath do?

A

Acts as an electrical insulator, speeding up the electrical impulse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the connection between two neurones called?

A

A synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens in a synapse?

A

1) the electrical impulse triggers the release of transmitter chemicals, which diffuse across the gap
2) these chemicals bind to receptor molecules in the membrane of the next neurone. This sets off a new electrical impulse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do sensory receptors detect?

A

A change in your environment (a stimulus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do receptors in your eyes detect?

A

Light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do receptors in your skin detect?

A

1) touch (pressure)

2) temperature change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does the central nervous system consist of?

A

1) brain

2) spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the pathway of a reflex arc from stimulus to response.

A

1) stimulus
2) receptor
3) sensory neurone
4) relay neurone
5) motor neurone
6) effector
7) response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does the cornea do in the eye?

A

Refracts (bends) light into the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does the iris do in the eye?

A

Controls how much light enters the pupil (the hole in the middle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does the lens do in the eye?

A

Refracts light, focusing it onto the retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the ciliary body do in the eye?

A

Contains ciliary muscles, which are attached to suspensory ligaments - they work together to alter the shape of the lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the retina covered in?

A

Receptors called rods and cones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

When are rods more sensitive?

A

In dim light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What can’t rods sense?

A

Colour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are cones sensitive to?

A

Different colours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does the optic nerve do in the eye?

A

Carries impulses from the receptors to the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How does the eye focus light?

A

By changing the shape of the lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

To look at distant objects, what happens?

A

1) the ciliary muscle relaxes, which allows the suspensory ligaments to pull tight
2) this pulls the lens into a less rounded shape so light is refracted less

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

To look at close objects, what happens?

A

1) the ciliary muscle contracts, which slackens the suspensory ligaments
2) the lens becomes a more rounded shape, so light is refracted more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are long-sighted people unable to focus on?

A

Near objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are short-sighted people unable to focus on

A

Distant objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What lens can correct long-sightedness?

A

Convex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What lens can correct short-sightedness?

A

Concave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is an alternative to glasses or contact lenses?

A

Corneal laser surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the most common form of colour blindness?

A

Red-green

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How is red-green colour blindness caused?

A

When red or green cones in the retina are not working properly

35
Q

What can be used to help people see colours more normally?

A

Tinted lenses

36
Q

What is the brain responsible for?

A

Complex behaviours

37
Q

What is the brain made up of?

A

Billions of interconnected neurones

38
Q

What is the cerebrum responsible for?

A

1) consciousness
2) intelligence
3) memory
4) language

39
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

1) maintains body temperature at the normal level

2) produces hormones that control the pituitary gland

40
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

Produces many important hormones, such as some of those involved in the menstrual cycle

41
Q

What does the medulla do?

A

Controls unconscious activities (things you don’t have to think about doing) like breathing and your heart rate

42
Q

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

A

Muscle coordination

43
Q

Why can investigating brain function be tricky?

A

1) if a person is severely brain damaged, it may be unethical to study them as they might not be able to give informed consent
2) studying the brains of people who have dies relies on people donating their brains for research
3) there can be problems when interpreting the results of case studies

44
Q

What things could go wrong with the brain or other parts of the nervous system?

A

1) injuries to the brain or spinal cord
2) tumours
3) diseases

45
Q

Why are problems in the brain difficult to treat successfully?

A

1) it’s hard to repair damage to the nervous system
2) if a problem occurs in a part of the nervous system that’s not easy to access it can be hard to treat
3) treatment for problems in the nervous system may lead to permanent damage

46
Q

Why is it hard to repair damage to the nervous system?

A

1) neurones in the central nervous system don’t readily repair themselves
2) scientists haven’t developed a way to repair nervous tissue in the central nervous system

47
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemicals produced in various glands called endocrine glands

48
Q

What system do the endocrine glands make up?

A

Endocrine system

49
Q

What are the cells affected by hormones called?

A

Target cells

50
Q

What is an organ that contains target cells called?

A

Target organ

51
Q

What gland is adrenaline released by?

A

Adrenal glands (which are located just above the kidneys)

52
Q

What does adrenaline prepare the body for?

A

‘Fight or flight’

53
Q

How does adrenaline prepare the body for ‘flight or fight’?

A

Activating processes that increase the supply of oxygen and glucose to cells

54
Q

How does adrenaline increase heart rate and blood pressure?

A

Adrenaline binds to specific receptors in the heart. This causes the heart muscle to contract more frequently and with more force

55
Q

How does adrenaline increase respiration?

A

Increased heart rate and blood pressure increases blood flow to the the muscles, so the cells receive more oxygen and glucose needed for respiration

56
Q

How does adrenaline increase blood sugar level?

A

Adrenaline binds to receptors in the liver. This causes the liver to break down its glycogen stores to release glucose

57
Q

What gland is thyroxine released by?

A

Thhyroid glands ( found in the neck)

58
Q

What does thyroxine regulate?

A

Metabolism

59
Q

What is metabolic rate?

A

The speed at which chemical reactions in the body occur

60
Q

What is metabolic rate important for?

A

1) growth

2) protein synthesis

61
Q

Where is thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) released from?

A

Pituitary gland

62
Q

What is testosterone?

A

The main male sex hormone

63
Q

Where is testosterone produced?

A

Testes

64
Q

What does testosterone stimulate?

A

Sperm production

65
Q

What is testosterone important for in the development of?

A

The male reproductive system

66
Q

What is oestrogen?

A

The main female sex hormone

67
Q

Where is oestrogen produced?

A

Ovaries

68
Q

What does oestrogen promote the development of?

A

Female sexual characteristics

69
Q

Where is progesterone produced?

A

Ovaries

70
Q

What does progesterone support?

A

Pregnancy

71
Q

Where is FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) produced?

A

Pituitary gland

72
Q

Where is LH (luteinising hormone) produced?

A

Pituitary gland

73
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A

The monthly sequence of events in which the female body releases an egg and prepares the uterus (womb) in case it receives a fertilised egg

74
Q

What are the four stages of the menstrual cycle?

A

1) Day 1 is when menstruation starts
2) The lining of the uterus builds up again
3) An egg develops and is released (ovulation)
4) The lining is then maintained

75
Q

What happens at day 1 of the menstrual cycle?

A

The uterus lining breaks down and is released

76
Q

What happens from days 4 to 14 of the menstrual cycle?

A

The lining of the uterus builds up again, into a thick spongy layer full of blood vessels ready to receive a fertilised egg

77
Q

What happens at about day 14 of the menstrual cycle?

A

An egg develops and is released from an ovary

78
Q

What happens for about 14 days, from day 14 to day 28 in the menstrual cycle?

A

The lining is then maintained. If no fertilised egg is implanted into the uterus wall by day 28, the spongy lining starts to break down again and the whole cycle starts over

79
Q

What four hormones control the menstrual cycle?

A

1) FSH
2) Oestrogen
3) LH
4) Progesterone

80
Q

What does FSH do?

A

1) causes an egg to mature in one of the ovaries

2) stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen

81
Q

What does Oestrogen do?

A

1) causes the lining of the uterus to thicken and grow
2) stimulates the production of LH
3) inhibits the production of FSH so that only one egg is released in each cycle

82
Q

What does LH do?

A

1) stimulates the release of an egg at day 14 (ovulation)

2) indirectly stimulates progesterone production

83
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

1) maintains the lining of the uterus. When the level of progesterone falls and there’s a low oestrogen level, the lining breaks down
2) inhibits the production of FSH and LH
3) a low progesterone level allows FSH to increase and then the whole cycle starts again

Biology OCR GCSE (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions