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GCSE AQA COMBINED SCIENCE BIO P1 > B3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES > Flashcards

B3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES Flashcards

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1
Q

pathogen?

A

microorganism that causes diseases

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2
Q

4 types of pathogens

A

bacteria , virus , fungi , protists

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3
Q

how does bacteria make us feel ill?

A

-once inside the human body they reproduce very rapidly.
- release harmful chemicals called toxins
- toxins damage tissue makes us feel ill

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4
Q

how does a virus make us feel ill?

A

-virus invades the host cell
- reproduces (very damaging to the cell)
- when the virus leaves it can cause the cell to burst open and die.

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5
Q

how to reduce the spread of pathogens

A

washing hands
provided with clean drinking water (uk water contains chlorine which kills microbes)
condom
isolated
vaccination

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6
Q

how do pathogens spread?

A

air (influenza)
water (cholera)
direct contact (hiv)

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7
Q

can viruses be treated with antibiotics?

A

no

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8
Q

symptoms of measles?

A

fever and the red rash

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9
Q

how is measles spread?

A

droplets (when an infected person coughs or sneezes) the virus then passes onto a different person when these droplets are inhaled.

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10
Q

what happen if you have measles?

A

complications can develop , these can cause damage to brain and breathing system.

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11
Q

how is the spread of measles reduced?

A

child are vaccinated at a young age

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12
Q

what is hiv?

A

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that attacks the body’s immune system.

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13
Q

symptons of hiv?

A

flu like illness

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14
Q

how does hiv make us feel ill?

A

the virus is attacking the cells of the patient’s immune system (over time its becomes damaged).

at some point the immune system becomes so damaged it can’t fight off other infections that other people can deal with e.g cancer cells. when the immune system is at highly damaged staged it can easily contract other infections e.g tb

the patient may also develop cancer (patient is described as having late stage hiv or AIDS)

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15
Q

how can hiv be treated?

A

antiretroviral drugs (stops the virus from reproducing inside the patient so it doesn’t damage the immune system) , do not go on to lead to AIDS , theyre not a cure and they must be taken for the rest of their lives.

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16
Q

how is hiv spread?

A

exchange of fluids
unprotected sex
shared infected needles,
blood containing hiv

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17
Q

is salmonella food poisoning and gonorrhoea communicable diseases?

A

yes

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18
Q

how can bacteria be killed

A

antibiotics

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19
Q

how is salmonella food poisoning spread

A

by ingesting infected food (kind of food prepared in unhygienic conditions)

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20
Q

symptons of salmonella?

A

fever
abdominal cramping
vomitting
diarrhoea

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21
Q

where is salmonella found?

A

poultry e.g chicken in the uk all chicken are vaccinated which controls the spread of the disease.

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22
Q

what is gonorrhoea?

A

sexually transmitted disease

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23
Q

symptons of gonorrhoea

A

thick yellow/green discharge from penis or vagina
pain when urinating

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24
Q

how can gonorrhoea be treated?

A

antibiotic penicillin (antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria now common)

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25
Q

how you to stop the spread of gonorrhoea

A

use condom
tested for gonorrhoea
can be treated with antibiotic to kill the bacteria

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26
Q

malaria?

A

communicable disease which is spread by a pathogen. it is an example of a protist

27
Q

symptons of malaria?

A

repeated bouts of fever , it can be fatal

28
Q

life cycle of malaria?

A

-An infected person is bitten by a mosquito
-the malaria pathogen passes into the mosquito
- mosquito now bites another person and passes the malaria pathogen to them

29
Q

why is malaria called a vector?

A

because it carries the pathogen from one person to another

30
Q

how to stop the spread of malaria?

A
  • stop the vector from breeding (mosquito breeds in water we need to drain them)
  • spray areas of still water with insecticide
  • prevent the mosquitos from biting humans (sleep under a mosquito net)
31
Q

what is the job of the non-specific defence system

A

prevent pathogens from entering the human body

32
Q

how does the skin prevent pathogen from entering the body?

A

forms a protective layer.

The outer layer consists of dead cells and is difficult for the pathogen to enter.

produces an oily substance called sebum which kills any bacteria present.

skin scabs over (if skin is damaged)

33
Q

how does the nose prevent pathogens from entering the body?

A

contains hair and mucus which trap pathogens before they enter the breathing system.

34
Q

how does the lung prevent pathogen from entering the body?

A

trachea and bronchi= covered with tiny hairs= cilia

cilia is covered with mucus which traps pathogens , cilia wafts the mucus upwards towards the throat where it is swallowed into the stomach.

35
Q

how does the stomach prevent pathogens from entering the body?

A

contains hydrochloric acid which kills any pathogens present

36
Q

what is the job of the immune system?

A

to destroy any pathogens and any toxins present they produce.
it protects use from the same type of pathogen that could invade us in the future

37
Q

process of phagocytosis

A

white blood cells ingest and destroy pathogens.
white blood cells detect chemicals released from the pathogen and move towards it.
the white blood cell then ingests the pathogens , then use enzymes to destroy the pathogens

38
Q

how do antibodies protect us from pathogens?

A

antibodies = protein molecules= produced by white blood cells
antibodies stick to pathogen , this triggers the pathogen to be destroyed

antibodies are specific
antibodies remain in blood - they can protect us if we ever get infected with the same pathogen)

39
Q

how do antitoxins protect us from pathogens?

A

white blood cells produce antitoxins
antitoxins stick to toxin molecules and prevent them from damaging cells

40
Q

what is tmv?

A

widespread plant infection that infects number of different plants e.g tomato

41
Q

symptons of tmv?

A

leaves to discolour in mosaic pattern = photosynthesis is reduced = plant of growth is reduced

42
Q

what is a rose black spot?

A

fungal disease that causes leaves to develop purple or black spots.

43
Q

symptoms of rose black spot

A

leaves black/purple spots = leaves turn yellow and often fall off = photosynthesis to fall = reduces growth

44
Q

how is rose black spot spread?

A

water or wind

45
Q

vaccination?

A

introducing small quantities of dead or inactive forms of pathogens into the body.

46
Q

how does vaccination work?

A

white blood cells = stimulated to produce antibodies against the dead/inactive form.
at the same time = the white blood cells are divided by mitosis to produce lots of copies of itself.
these copies of the white blood cell can stay in the blood for decades

(if the same pathogen enters the body again white blood cells produces same correct antibodies quickly and this prevents infection)

47
Q

what is the first antibiotic?

A

penicillin

48
Q

what do antibiotics do?

A

kill infective bacteria inside the human body without harming body cells.

49
Q

what is antibiotic resistance?

A

when antibiotics are no longer effective against a certain bacteria because it has been overused (the bacteria had evolved so that they were no longer killed by the antibiotic)

50
Q

what are facts about antibiotics

A

doctors prescribe specific antibiotics for specific bacteria.
cannot kill viruses

51
Q

how does antibiotics work?

A

antibiotic e.g penicillin kill bacterial pathogens inside the body
Some antibiotics kill a wide range of bacteria it is important that the right antibiotic is used for the specific bacteria.

52
Q

why can antibiotics not be used to treat viral diseases?

A

*antibiotics have no effect on viral pathogens as they live inside the host human cell.
*it is difficult to design drugs that would kill virus and not destroy human cells at the same time

53
Q

how can we prevent antibiotic resistance?

A

avoid overuse and unnecessary use of antibiotics.
finish antibiotic courses.

54
Q

what affect do painkillers have on infectious diseases?

A

painkillers only treat the symptoms but do not kill pathogens

55
Q

what plant is heart drug digitalis extracted from?

A

foxgloves

56
Q

what painkiller originates from a compound found in willow bark?

A

aspirin

57
Q

what antibiotic was discovered by Alexandra Fleming from a type of mound?

A

penicillin

58
Q

what three main factors are tested when developing new drugs?

A

toxicity (safe for humans)
dose
effective

59
Q

how is preclinical testing carried out?

A

cell , tissue , live animals

60
Q

what is clinical testing

A

testing on humans

61
Q

how is clinical testing carried out?

A

uses healthy people and volunteers , firstly the drug is tested on a low dose on healthy people , then tested on patients and on a larger scale to find the optimum dose. often , one group receives a placebo (not the test drug) and the other group receive the actual drug

62
Q

what is placebo?

A

tablet or injection with no active drugs in it

63
Q

what is the difference between between a single blind trial and double blind trial

A

single bling trial only the doctors know whether the patients receving the the drug or the placebo . in a double bling trial neither the patient nor the doctor knows. double blind trial helps remove bias on the part of the doctor.

64
Q

what is peer review?

A

where the results of drug trials are checked over by scientists knowledgeable in this field.

GCSE AQA COMBINED SCIENCE BIO P1 (5 decks)

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