b3 - disease Flashcards
what can pathogens be
bacteria, viruses, protists, fungi
what is measles
caused by a virus, spread through droplets via sneeze or cough, fever and red skin rash, most are vaccinated as kids
what is HIV
virus, spread by exchange of bodily fluids or sexual contact, at first symptoms are flu-like, late stage HIV is aids, attacks cells of immune system, controlled so to antiretroviral drugs
what is salmonella
type of food poisoning caused by bacteria, food becomes contaminated if it’s prepared in unhygienic conditions, can give you fever cramps vomitting and diarrhoea, poultry are vaccinated against it
what is gonorrhoea
STD caused by bacteria, symptoms include thick yellow or green discharge from penis or vagina and pain when urinating, easily treated with antibiotic called penicillin and contraception to stop spread
what is malaria
protist, suffer from repeated attacks of fever, can be fatal if severe, mosquitos are vectors as they carry it, pass it on when biting someone, prevent it by stopping mosquitos from breeding or sleeping under a bed net
what is TMV
tobacco mosaic virus, only plants are infected, mosaic pattern of discolouration on leaves, makes it hard for plants to photosynthesise so plants grow slower
what is rose black spot
fungal plant disease, causes black or purple spots that develop on the leaves if infected plants, grows slower as less photosynthesis, can travel in water or wind, treated with fungicides or destroy discoloured leaves
how does human body prevent disease
skin is physical barrier, stopping pathogens from entering, cilia are tiny mucus covered hairs in nose and trachea and bronchi, they trap pathogens from air when you breathe in and are removed when you blow your nose, stomach acid kills pathogens found in food
what is phagocytosis
one type of blood cell is a phagocyte, they destroy pathogens by engulfing and digesting them
what are lymphocytes
another type of white blood cell, produce antibodies that bind to pathogens, can cause pathogens to clump together making it easier for phagocytes to engulf a large amount at once, they also produce antitoxins which neutralise any toxins the pathogens produced
how does vaccination work
introduces a small amount of dead or inactive pathogen into the body, meaning the white blood cells can respond quickly to that pathogen in the future due to memory cells
what are antibiotics
medicines that kill bacteria in the body
what are antiviral drugs and painkiller
antiviral drugs slow down the growth of viral pathogens and painkillers only treat the symptoms of a disease to make you feel better
what is penicillin
made by Alexander Flemming from a substance produced by penicillium mould
why must drugs be tested
to see if they are effective and whether they have side effects
what is preclinical testing
a drug is tested in cells, tissues or liver animals in a laboratory
what is a clinical trial
a drug is tested using human volunteers who are healthy or sick, used to check for side effects, if it’s safe more trials are help to find best dosage
what is a double blind trial
one group of patients gets the drug and another gets a placebo, the patients and researchers both don’t know which patients got what, the results show whether the drug is more effective than the placebo
what are monoclonal antibodies
proteins that help white blood cells find dangerous cells and chemicals by binding to a specific site on a particular antigen (a protein on the outside of a cell)
how are monoclonal antibodies made
using the lymphocytes of mice, first antigens are injected into a mouse, then the muses lymphocytes produce antibodies for that antigen, then they are taken from the mouse and combined with a type of tumor cell creating a hybridoma cell that produces the right antibodies and divides quickly, they can then be cloned to make monoclonal antibodies
where are monoclonal antibodies used
in pregnancy tests, bind to the hormone in urine of pregnant women, when a pregnant woman urinates on the test the hormone binds to these antibodies, also used in laboratories to detect hormones or other chemicals in the blood or detect pathogens
what is an aphid infestation
aphids are small insects that suck sap from plants, causing the plants to suffer from poor growth and the leaves wilt or turn yellow
