B3 And 4 Flashcards
What is the order of complexity of cells/structures in the body?
Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms
Define Organ
Organs are collections of tissues. Each organ contains groups of tissues to carry out a secific task.
Define tissue
A tissue is a group of cells all with similar function working together.
How do enzymes attach to other things? (What method)
Lock and key
What are enzymes
Enxymes are biological catalysts and are protein molecules.
How do enzymes break down lipids.
The enzymes attack a lipid cluster, breaking it down. If bile was present then the reaction would be much faster.
Define catalyst
Something that sparks an event to happen. Like adding manganese dioxide to hydrogen peroxide.
Define denatured.
When an enzyme goes past a point kf definition that it is no longer effective at doing its job. For example, an enzyme that gets too hot will become denatured and wont break down substances.
How does a temp increase affect enzyme reaction.
Makes it faster up to a point where the enxyme becomes denatured.
What does amalayse do?
Breaks down starch into glucose within the moith and small intestine.
What does protease do?
Breaks down proteins to create amino acids in the stomach and small intestine
What does lipase do.
Breaks down fats and produces glycerol and fatty acids in the small intestine.
What is the role of stomach acid.
The stomach acid kills all bacteria due to its ph level, it does not break down food.
What is the role of bile.
Breaks down fats into smaller droplets making the surface area much larger.
Where is bile produced?
The liver, then moves to the gall bladder, then moves to the small intestine, bile is very important.
What are the main components of the blood?
Plasma and formed elements (mainly red blood cells but also white and platelet cells)
What shape do red blood cells take? And why?
Concave, to increase surface area.
How do red blood cells transport oxygen?
The use of haemoglobin which binds to oxygen.
What adaptations do red blood cless have to help them transport the most oxygen?
They have no nucleus, allows for more space for haemoglobin.
What does a white blood cell do.
Contains a nucleus and fights microorganisms.
What do platelets do?
Form clots on cuts to block the entry into the blood stream to stop you bleeding to death.
What do veins do?
Carry blood back to the heart to be reoxygenated.
What is the structure of a vein and what does this mean?
Veins have a large space to carry blood meaning they transport it at a low pressure but high capacity.
What does an artery do?
Carries oxygenated blood around the body from the heart.
What is the structure of an artery and what does this mean?
Arteries have a small lumen causing high pressure transportation so its speedy.
What is the structure if a cappilary like and what does this mean?
Cappilaries are only 1 cell thick but there are lots and lots of them. Individually they dont carry much blood but collectively they are quite good.
What do the ventricles do
Pump blood through the heart.
What do valves do?
Open and close to stop the blood flowing in the wrong direction or pressure issues occuring
What does the aorta do?
The aorta is the main artery that carries blood around the whole body.
Where doe the right ventricle lead to?
The lungs
Where does the left ventricle lead to?
The whole body, it has a massive muscular wall to pump quickly.
What does the vena cava do?
Carries all the deoxegynated blood to the heart.
What do the coronary arteries do?
They wrap around the heart to supply the muscles with blood.
What is the job of the respiratory system?
To provide the body and blood with oxygen
What is the trachea?
A large pipe leading down to the lungs that controlles gas exchange.
What adaptations do the lungs have?
Lots and lots of alveoli with very small walls and karge surface area for fast gas diffusion and exhange.
What do the xylem do?
Translocate water and dissolved mineral ions up the plant.
What do the phloem do?
Phloem carry dissolved food from the leaves around the plant, phloem are alive but have no nucleus or ribosomes.
What is the transpiration system?
Movement of water.
What is translocation?
Movement of mineral ions.
What do stomata do?
Open and close to let water vapour out, and carbon dioxide in.
What is the rate of transpiration calculation.
Amount
Time taken
What factors can affect transpiration rate
Temperature, air movement, humidity levels, light intensity.
