Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PAPER 1 : BIOLOGY > B3 > Flashcards

B3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a pathogen?

A
  • a microorganism which causes disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A
  • a disease which can be spread
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Name the 4 types of pathogen

A
  • bacteria
  • virus
  • fungus
  • protist
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why do bacteria make us feel ill?

A
  • they reproduce rapidly and release toxins which damage cells and tissues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where are viruses found in the body?

A
  • inside cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do viruses make us feel ill?

A
  • they replicate inside cells which burst open to release the viruses
  • this cell damage makes us feel ill
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Explain the type of pathogen salmonella is , how it spreads, it’s symptoms and treatment/prevention

A
  • its a bacteria
  • it spread by bacteria ingested in food OR on food prepared in unhygienic conditions
  • symptoms are : fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea
  • ways to treat or prevent : hydrate the body and wait for the infection to pass
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Explain the type of pathogen gonorrhoea is , how it spreads, it’s symptoms and treatment/prevention

A
  • its a bacteria
  • it spread by sexual contact
  • symptoms are : thick yellow (or green) discharge from the vagina / penis AND pain on urinating
  • ways to treat or prevent : antibiotic = penicillin (although some bacteria are resistant) & prevent by using a condom
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Explain the type of pathogen measles is , how it spreads, it’s symptoms and treatment/prevention

A
  • its a virus
  • it spread by inhalation of droplets from sneezes and coughs
  • symptoms are : fever and a red skin rash (can be fatal)
  • ways to treat or prevent : no treatment available BUT
    prevent with vaccination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Explain the type of pathogen HIV is , how it spreads, it’s symptoms and treatment/prevention

A
  • its a virus
  • it spread by sexual contact OR exchange of body fluids (such as blood when drug users share
    needles)
  • symptoms are : virus attacks the body’s immune system ALSO body unable to deal with other infections or cancers
  • ways to treat or prevent : antiretroviral drugs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Explain the type of pathogen tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is , how it spreads, it’s symptoms and treatment/prevention

A
  • its a virus
  • it spread by soil and direct contact between leaves
  • symptoms are : discolouration on the leaves WHICH affects growth of the plant due to lack of photosynthesis
  • ways to treat or prevent : no chemicals available OR remove diseased leaves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Explain the type of pathogen tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is , how it spreads, it’s symptoms and treatment/prevention

A
  • its a virus
  • it spread by soil and direct contact between leaves
  • symptoms are : discolouration on the leaves WHICH affects growth of the plant due to lack of photosynthesis
  • ways to treat or prevent : no chemicals available OR remove diseased leaves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Explain the type of pathogen rose black spot is , how it spreads, it’s symptoms and treatment/prevention

A
  • its a fungus
  • it spread by water OR wind
  • symptoms are : spots on leaves OR leaves turn yellow and drop early WHICH affects growth of the plant - photosynthesis is reduced
  • ways to treat or prevent : Fungicides and/or removing ALSO destroying the affected leaves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Explain the type of pathogen malaria is , how it spreads, it’s symptoms and treatment/prevention

A
  • its a protist
  • it spread by mosquitoes biting infected people AND transferring the pathogen to healthy people
  • symptoms are : recurring episodes of fever WHICH can be fatal
  • ways to treat or prevent : stop mosquitoes, from
    breeding AND use mosquito nets to avoid being bitten
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the different parts of the defence system?

A
  • the skin
  • nose hair
  • mucus
  • cilia
  • stomach acid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the role of the following parts of the defence system?

A

skin:
- stops pathogens entering the body. released chemicals to kill pathogens

nose hair:
- traps particles containing pathogens before they enter the body

mucus:
- released in the trachea to trap pathogens

cilia:
- line the trachea and move mucus (with trapped pathogens) up to the back of the throat to be swallowed

stomach acid:
- has hydrochloric acid which kills pathogens

17
Q

What are the 3 functions of white blood cells?

A
  • phagocytosis
  • producing antibodies
  • producing antitoxins
18
Q

Describe what happens during phagocytosis

A
  • white blood cells (wbc) engulf and digest the pathogen
19
Q

Describe what happens during making antibodies

A
  • pathogens have unique antigens (chemical markers) on the outside
  • wbc make antibodies which attach to the foreign antigens. The antibodies are specific to the antigen for that pathogen
  • the antibodies let other wbc find the pathogen to engulf and digest it
  • the person is now naturally immune to a disease. If that pathogen enters the body again, the wbc can quickly make the antibodies before the person gets ill
20
Q

Describe what happens during producing antitoxins

A
  • antitoxins are chemicals which stop the toxins from the bacteria affecting the body
21
Q

Describe how vaccines help to protect against future infections

A
  1. vaccination given:
    - injected with a small amount of dead or inactive pathogen
  2. antibodies produced:
    - wbc produce antibodies to attack antigens
  3. attract more white blood cells:
    - more white blood cells produce antibodies
  4. memory cells:
    - these cells stay in the blood in case we are infected in the future
  5. infection with same pathogen later on:
    - wc can quickly respond and produce antibodies to kill pathogens
22
Q

What are the advantages of vaccinations?

A
  • vaccinations have helped to control diseases which used to be common e.g: polio
  • when a large disease outbreak happens, we call this an epidemic
  • this is stopped from happening if many people have been vaccinated
  • this is because the disease cannot easily spread
23
Q

What are the disadvantages of vaccinations?

A
  • sometimes they do not work. We say the person has not got immunity
  • cannot be used on people with a weakened immune system
  • sometimes you can have a bad reaction to the vaccine e.g: swelling or a fever
24
Q

What is an antibiotic?

A
  • a chemical which kills bacteria
25
Q

What is a pain killer?

A
  • a drug which reduces pain and treats the symptoms of a disease (but does not kill the pathogen)
26
Q

Why is it pointless to give antibiotics to someone suffering from measles?

A
  • measles is a virus and antibiotics only work on bacteria, not viruses
27
Q

Some bacteria can no longer be treated by antibiotics. Explain why

A
  • they have mutated and become resistant to antibiotics, so they are no longer killed
28
Q

What is the source of most drugs?

A
  • plants
29
Q

Where is aspirin produced and what is it used for?

A
  • its produced in willow trees

- its used for painkillers

30
Q

Where is digitalis produced and what is it used for?

A
  • its produced in foxglove plants

- its used for treating heart conditions

31
Q

Where is penicillin produced and what is it used for?

A
  • its produced in penicillium mould

- its used for antibiotic - to kill bacteria ONLY

32
Q

New drugs are tested for toxicity, efficacy and dose. What do these words mean?

A
  • toxicity = if it is harmful and has any side effects
  • efficacy = if the drug works
  • dose = the concentration of drug which works best and how often it needs to be taken
33
Q

What is pre-clinical testing?

A
  • testing first on human cells and tissues, followed by live animals
34
Q

Who takes part in clinical trials?

A
  • both healthy volunteers and patients
35
Q

Why are healthy people used at the start of clinical trials?

A
  • to make sure the drug has no harmful side effects which may be masked by other symptoms
36
Q

What precautions are taken at the start of clinical trials?

A
  • only healthy people are used

- the dose starts off very low

37
Q

What does the ‘optimum dose’ mean?

A
  • the amount which is most effective

- has fewest side effects

38
Q

When the drug is tested on patients, some are given a placebo. What is this and why is it given?

A
  • a placebo is a fake drug. It is given to check that any improvements are down to the drug
  • and not caused by any psychological effects
39
Q

What is a double blind trial?

A
  • when neither the doctor nor the patients know who is getting the real drug and who is getting the placebo

PAPER 1 : BIOLOGY (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions