B3 Flashcards
What is a tissue?
A tissue is a group of cells with similar structures working togther.
What is an organ?
Organs are collections of tissue. Each organ contains several tissues all working together to perform a specific function.
What is an organ system?
A whole multicellular organism is made up of a number of organ system working together. Organ system are group of organs that all working together to perform specific function.
The digestive system?
The digestive system is an example of an organ system in which several organs work together to digest and absorb food.
What does protease break food down into?
Protease break down proteins to amino acids.
What does carbohydrase break down food into?
Carbohydrase break down carbohydrates to simple sugars. Amylase is a carbohydrates which breaks down starch.
What does lipase break down food into?
Lipase break down lipids (fats) to glycerol and fatty acids.
Where is bile made?
Bile is made in the liver and stored in the gall blade?r
Why is bile made in the liver an alakli?
It is an alakaline to neutalise hydrochloric acid from the stomach.
What is another job of bile?
It emulsifies fat to form small droplets which increase surface area.
What are enzymes?
Enzymes control the rate of chemical reactions. They are special biological catalysts that speed up the rate of reaction.
What are enzymes made up of?
Enzymes are made up of large protein molecules.
Why is the shape of an enzyme vital for the enzyme to function?
The shape of an enzyme is vital for the enzyme to function. The long chains of amino acids are folded to produce a molecule with an active site that has a unique shape so it can bind to a specific substrate molecule.
What is the lock and key therory?
The substrate of the reaction to be catalysed fits into the active site of the enzyme.
What happens when the enzyme and catalyst are in place?
Once it is in place,the enzyme and substrate bind together.
How do enzymes join together?
Enzymes can join small molecules together as well as break up larger ones.
Do enzymes change the rate of reaction?
Enzymes do not change a reaction in any way,they just make it happen faster.
What do enzymes control?
Enzymes control the metabolism
What do enzymes build up?
They build larger molecules from lots of smaller ones. This includes building starch,glycogen or cellulose from glucose,lipids from fatty acids or proteins from amino acids.
Do all enzymes work best around 40 degrees?
Not all enzymes work best at around 40 degrees bacteria living in hot springs up at 80 degrees and higher. On the other hand, some bacteria that live in the very cold,deep sea have enzymes that work effectively at 0 degrees and below.
How does the shape of the active site come from?
The shape of an enzyme come from forces between the different part of protein molecules.
Does a change in pH affect these forces?
Yes as a change in pH affects these forces and changes the shape of the molecule.
When an enzyme change is it a catlyst.
When an enzyme changes active site the enzyme no longer acts as a catlyst.
Do all pH’s work at the same level.
Differnt enzymes work best at differnt pH levels. A change in pH can stop them working completely.
Where are digestive enzymes produced?
They are produced by specialised cells in galnd and pancreases and lining of your digestive system.
What is your digestive system?
Your digestive system is a hollow,muscular tube that squeezes your food. It helps breaks up your food into small pieces that have a large surface area
Do all enzymes in the body work efficiently in the same ph level
No as the mouth and small intenstine are slightly alkaline,while the stomach has a low,acidic pH value.
What is the name of enzymes that break down carbohydrates?
Enzymes that break down carbohydrates are called carbohydrase.
What is starch broken down into you?
It is broken down into sugars in the mouth and small intenstines
What enzyme catalyses this reaction?
Amalyase catalyses this reaction.
Whre is amalyse produced?
Amalyase is produced in your salviary glands and pancreas and small intestine.
Whre is most starch digested?
Most starch is digested in the small intenstine.
What is the enzymes that catalyses amino acods into proteins?
Amino acids is catalysed by protease enzymes.
Where is protease made?
Proteases are produced by ypur stomach,your pancreas and your small intenstine.
Where does breakdown of proteins into amino avids take place?
The breakdown of proteins into amino acids take place in your stomach and small intestine.
What are lipids broken down into?
Lipids are brokend down into fatty acids and glycerol in the small intenstine
What enzyme is this reaction catlysed by?
This reaction is catalysed by lipase enzymes
Where are lipase enzymes made?
Lipase enzymes are made in the pancreases and small intestine.
Whre do the completly digested glucose,amino acids acids,fatty acids and glycerol go after digestion?
They leave to your small intenstine.
Who discoverd the differnt roles of the digestive system?
Dr William Beaumont and Alexis St Martin.
How many litres of hydrochloric acid is produced per day?
3 litres of hydrochloric acid per day.
What is the name of the enzymes working in the digestive system?
Pepsin a protease emzymes work in the gland of your digestive system in an acidic environment.
Why does the stomach produce a thick layer of mucus?
This coats your stomach walls and protect them from being digested by the acids and the enzyme.
Do all the enzymes work in an acidic environment?
No only pepsin does and the rest work in a more alkaline encironment.
How does the acidic liquid from your stomach needs to be alaline.
A green-yellow alkaline liquid called bile. Bile is stored in your gall bladder until needed?
How does bile get added on the food.
The bile is squirted on the food whengling through the bile duct.
What is another job of bile in your digestive system?
Bile emsulfies fats in your food?
What does this do and provide?
This means bile physically braeks up large drops of fat into smaller drops of fat.
This provides a much bigger surface area of fats for the lipase enzyme to act upon.
What can gall stoles do?
Gall stones stop bile being relesed onto food and reduce the efficent of digestion.
What is blood based on?
Blood is based on a liquid called plasma.
What does plasma carry?
Plasma carries red blood cells,white blood cells,and platelets.
What colur is your blood plasma?
Your blood plasma is a yellow liquid.
What does plaasma transport around the body?
Waste Carbon dioxide,ureaand the small soluble products of digestion.
How many red blood cells are there?
There are about 5million cubicmilimetres in blood.
How aree red blood cells adapted for their job?
They are biconcave discs
They are packed with a red pigment called haemoglobin
Have no nucleus
What do white blood cells do?
They form the bodys defence against harmful microorganisms.
How do they fight against harmful microrgansims?
Some form antitoxins against posins
Other engulf and digest invading bacteria and viruses
What are platelets?
Platelets are small fragements of cells.
How are platelets helpful?
They are very important in helping the bloof to clot at the site of a wound.
What are the three main types of blood vessels?
Arteries
Veins
And capillaries
What do arties do?
Arties strech as the blood is forced through them and go back into shape afterwards.
What do veins do?
Veins carry blood away from the organs towards your heart.
What do capillaries do?
They form a hige newtrok of tiny bessels linking arties and the veins.
What is the double circulatory system?
One transport system carry blood to your heart to get it pumped and to lungs
The other get oxygenated blood from the lungs and pump it around the body.
Where does rthe blood come from
The blood comes from the vena cava.
Where does the oxygenated blood come from?
The oxygenated blood comes from your pulmonary vein.
Why are the muscle wall on the left thicker than the right?
This is baecuse the left has to pump blood all around the body and the right is only to the lungs and heart.
How do doctors solve the problem of coronary heart diseases?
They solve the problem with a stent.
How else do doctors prevent coronary heart disease?
Doctor can also carry out a bypass surgery.
What do doctors prescribe for people with coronary heart disease?
The doctors prescibe statins.
What are the problems the heart can be affected by?
Leaky Valves
Artificial Pacemakers
Artificial hearts
What are leaky valves?
As heart valves have to withstand a lot of pressure over time they might start to leak or become stiff and not open fully.
What are artfical pacemakers?
Artfical pacemakers are the group of cells that control how many times your heart beats
Artificial pacemakers are used when these cell don’t work properly and artificially they need to be restored in other to maintain an stable heartbeat.
What are artificial hearts?
An artfical haert is used when when your normal heart stops working you can get an artificial herat to maintain blood pumping around your body until a suitable donor is found for you.
Where are the lungs found?
The lungs are found in your chest protected by your ribcage.
Why are alveoli important?
They are imporrtant as they provide a large surface area.
What do alveoil contain a rich supply of?
They conaton a rich supply of alveoil
How does this help with gas exchange?
This helps with gas exchange because it is more rapid and effective.
What type of concentration gradient does the lung produce.
This maintains a steeper concentration gradient with the blood.
What does this help with?
As a result oxygen diffuse into your bloodstream through the gas exchange surfaces of the alveoli.
