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Biology > B3 > Flashcards

B3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What passes along nerve cells

A

electrical impulses

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2
Q

What is the gap between two neurones called?

A

Synapse

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3
Q

What is released across a synapse?

A

Chemical signals

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4
Q

What is the role of a receptor?

A

To detect a stimuli

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5
Q

What is the role of a sensory neurone?

A

To transfer a signal from a receptor to the CNS

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6
Q

What is the role of a motor neurone?

A

To transfer a signal from the CNS to an effector

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7
Q

What is the role of a relay neurone?

A

To transfer a signal from a sensory neurone to a motor neurone

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8
Q

What is a reflex?

A

An automatic response to stimulus

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9
Q

What is the reflex pathway arc

A

stimulus ➔ receptor ➔ sensory neurone ➔ relay neurone ➔ motor neurone ➔ effector ➔ response

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10
Q

What are the two main types of effectors?

A

Glands

Muscles

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11
Q

Reflexes are

A

fast
Automatic

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12
Q

Blinking when you get dust in your eye
Sneezing
are examples of…..

A

Refelxes

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13
Q

Why are reflexes important?

A

They protect us from harm

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14
Q

does the reflex arc involve the brain

A

No it doesnt

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15
Q

What is the role of the effector

A

The effector then causes a protective response against the stimulus. The effector can be a muscle or a gland.

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16
Q

How many hemispheres is the cerebral cortex split into?

A

2 halves

hemi means half

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17
Q

What are the roles of the cerebral cortex?

A

Memory
Interpreting senses like hearing & vision
Consciousness
Emotions

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18
Q

What are the roles of the cerebellum?

A

Muscle coordination
Balance

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19
Q

What is the medulla is responsible

A

for coordinating unconscious activities, such as regulating our breathing rate and heart rate

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20
Q

What is the hypothalamus is responsible for?

A

Regulating our body temperature.

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21
Q

Where in the brain is the medulla found?

A

In the brain stem

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22
Q

How can scientists find out what parts of the brain do?

A

Study people with brain damage
Electrically stimulate different parts of the brain
Scan the brain, using CT, PET, MRI, or fMRI scanners

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23
Q

What are the three main reasons treating the brain is so difficult?

A

There is a huge range of things that can go wrong, from mental illness to infection
It is encased within the skull, so is hard to access
It is very complicated, so hard to target with medications

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24
Q

What is the cornea?

A

A transparent layer at the front of the eye which refracts light

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25
Q

What does the brain controll?

A

Complex behaviour

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26
Q

What part of the brain controlls homeostasis

A

Hypothalamus

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27
Q

What does the pituatry gland produce?

A

Produces important hormones

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28
Q

What is the name of the nerve that leaves the eye

A

Optic Nerve

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29
Q

What type of organ is the eye

A

A sensory organ

30
Q

What is the role of the retina

A

It absoubes light energy and sends impulses to the brain via the optic nerve.

31
Q

What is the Sclera, description and role

A

white coating of the eye that you can see. it protects the eye as it is tough

32
Q

What is the Pupil

A

The whole in the eye which light enters

33
Q

What is the Iris

A

Controls the diameter of the pupil (light levels into allowed the eye)

34
Q

Name a hormone released into the bloodstream in humans in response to a dangerous situation.

A

Adrenaline

35
Q

Effectors can be either muscles or what?

A

Glands

36
Q

Where is adrenaline produced?

A

adrenal glands

37
Q

In a reflex action, where do sensory and relay neurones meet?

A

Centeral Nervous Sytem

38
Q

What organ in the body usually reacts to temperature first?

A

Skin

39
Q

What is the name of the junction between two neurones?

A

synapse

40
Q

What is the word for a change in the environment that a receptor cell responds to?

A

stimulus

41
Q

What is the word for an organ or tissue that brings about the response in a reflex action?

A

Effector

42
Q

Which system has longer lasting effects: the nervous system or hormonal system?

A

hormonal system

43
Q

What system uses chemical messengers to coordinate and control the body?

A

endocrine system

44
Q

Why are synapes important

A

To ensure that the impules can only travel in one direction

45
Q

At a synapse, what is released by one neurone to cause an impulse in the other?

A

neurotransmitters or
chemical transmitter

46
Q

Thyroxine is controlled by what type of feedback?

A

Negtive Feedback

47
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

The adrenal glands lie on top of the kidneys.

48
Q

Nerve cells can form many branches. How does this relate to their function?

A

to form networks with many other nerve cells.

49
Q

Where is thyroxine produced?

A

Thiroid gland

50
Q

Where is the thiroid gland located

A

the front of the neck

51
Q

Where is ADH released

A

pituatry gland

52
Q

What does ADH control

A

water levels

53
Q

Why is ADH important

A

It alows us to keep our water conc in our blood at normal levels

54
Q

Is water levels controlled by negitve or positive feedback

A

negitve feed back

55
Q

what does ADH increase

A

ADH increases the permeability of the collecting duct of the kidney

56
Q

what does inncreacing the permiablity of the kidneys cause

A

more water is reabsorbed

57
Q

When is ADH realised

A

More ADH is released during dehydration

58
Q

How does ADH effect the urine

A

more ADH = urine is more concerntrated

59
Q

What does the cillary body do

A

Produces fluid in the eye

60
Q

What is the name of the fuild in the eye

A

aqueous humor

61
Q

What is the job of the suspensory ligaments

A

To tighten and pull the lens thinner

62
Q

What causes colour blindess

A

A lack of or defect in the receptors which are sensitive to different colours of light

63
Q

What tempurature is the human body kept at

A

37degrees

64
Q

Why must the body be kept at a specific tempurature

A

To ensure enzymes are working at the optimum tempurature

65
Q

Where is the Thermoregulatory Centre

A

In the hypothalamus

66
Q

What does the Thermoregulatory Centre

A

Controlls interal tempuratures (like a thermostat

67
Q

How does the body detect changes in interal tempuratures

A

Lots of tiny receptors that can detect tempurature changes

68
Q

Where are most tempurature receptors in the body

A
  • Skin
  • Blood vessels
69
Q

How does the Thermoregulatory Centre controll tempurature

A

The receptors send signals about the tempurature of the body to the Thermoregulatory Centre which decides if we are to hot or to cold. The Thermoregulatory Centre then sends signals around the body to either cool us down or heat us up.

70
Q

What type of feed back does Thermoregulatory Centre use

A

Negitive feedback
- Body too hot = release cooling signals
- Body too cold = release warming signals

71
Q

What are the two stratergies to warm up the body.

A
  • Conserve heat
  • Generate more
72
Q
A

Biology (6 decks)

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