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TRIPLE BOOK BIOLOGY > B3 > Flashcards

B3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

A disease that can easily spread.

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2
Q

What are pathogens?

A

They are microorganisms that enter the body and cause communicable (infectious) diseases.

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3
Q

Who can be infected by pathogens?

A

Plants and animals.

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4
Q

What are bacteria?

A

Very small cells which can reproduce rapidly inside your body. They can make you feel ill by producing toxins (poisins) that damage your cells and tissues.

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5
Q

How small are bacteria?

A

About 1/100th of the size of your body cells.

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6
Q

Types of pathogen?

A

Bacteria
Viruses
Protists
Fungi

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7
Q

Are viruses cells?

A

No.

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8
Q

How small are viruses?

A

They’re tiny -about 1/100th of the size of a bacterium.

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9
Q

What do viruses do inside of your body?

A

They can reproduce rapidly inside of your body.

They live inside your cells and replicate themselves, proding many copies of themselves. This cell will usually then burst, releasing all the new viruses. This cell damage is what makes you feel ill.

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10
Q

What are protists?

A

Protists are single-celled eukaryotes. Most of them are single-celled. Some are parasites, which live on or inside other organisms and can cause them damage. these are often transferred to the organism by a vector, which doesn’t get the disease itself e.g. an insect that carries the protist.

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11
Q

What are the types of fungi?

A

Some fungi are single celled. Others have a body which is made up of hyphae (thread like structures).

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12
Q

What can hyphae do?

A

The hyphae can grow and penetrate human skin and the surface of plants, causing diseases. They can also produce spores, which can be spread to other plants and animals.

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13
Q

What are the different ways by which pathogens can be spread?

A

WATER- Drinking or bathing dirty water
AIR- they can be carried in the air and can then be breathed in. Some airborne pathogens are carried in the air in droplets produced when you cough or sneeze.
DIRECT CONTACT- Some picked up by touching contaminated surfaces, including the skin.

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14
Q

What is cholera and how is it spread?

A

It is a bacterial infection that’s spread by drinking water contaminated with the diarrhoea of other sufferers.

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15
Q

What is the influenza virus and how is it spread?

A

It is a virus that causes flu. It is spread through airborne pathogens, that are carried in the air in droplets produced when you cough or sneeze.

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16
Q

What is athletes foot and how is it spread?

A

It is a fungus which makes skin itch and flake off. It’s most commonly spread by touching the same things as an infected person, e.g. shower floors and towels.

17
Q

What are the three viral diseases we need to know about?

A

Measles
HIV
Tobacco mosaic virus

18
Q

How is measles spread?

A

It is spread by droplets from an infected person’s sneeze or cough.

19
Q

What are symptoms of measles?

A

People with measles develop a red skin rash, and they’ll show signs of a fever (a high temperature).

20
Q

How dangerous is measles?

A

It can be very serious, or even fatal if there are complications. For example, it can sometimes lead to pneumonia (a lung infection), or inflammation of the brain (encephalitis).

21
Q

How do we combat measles?

A

Most people are vaccinated against measles when they’re young.

22
Q

How is HIV spread?

A

By sexual contact, or by exchanging bodily fluids such as blood.This can happen when people share needles when taking drugs.

23
Q

What are the symptoms and consequences of HIV?

A

They are flu-like symptoms for a few weeks. Usually, the person doesn’t then experience any symptoms for several years. The virus attacks the immune cells. If the bodies immune system is badly damaged, it can’t cope with other infections or cancers.

At this stage, the virus is known as late stage HIV infection or AIDS.

24
Q

Treatment for HIV?

A

There is no cure, but during the no symptom / early years, HIV can be controlled with antiretroviral drugs, which stop the virus replicating in the body.

25
Q

What is tobacco mosaic virus?

A

It is a virus that affects many species of plants e.g. tomatoes.

26
Q

What are the symptoms of tobacco mosaic virus?

A

It causes a mosaic pattern on the leaves of the plants- parts of the leaves become discoloured. The discolouration means the plant can’t carry out photosynthesis as well, so the virus affects growth.

27
Q

What fungal disease do we need to about?

A

Rose black spot

28
Q

What is Rose black spot and how does it spread?

A

It is a fungus that spreads through the environment, in water or by the wind.

29
Q

What are the symptoms and consequences of Rose black spot?

A

It causes purple or black spots to develop on the leaves of Rose plants.The leaves can then turn yellow and drop off, which means that less photosynthesis can happen, so the plant doesn’t grow very well.

30
Q

How can rose black spot to be treated?

A

Gardeners can treat the disease using fungicides and by stripping the plant of its affected leaves. These leaves then need to be destroyed, so that the fungus can’t spread to other Rose plants.

31
Q

What is the disease caused by a protist that we need to know?

A

Malaria

32
Q

How do mosquitoes spread malaria?

A

The mosquitoes are vectors – they pick up the malarial protist when they feed on an infected animal. every time the mosquito feeds on another animal, it infects it by inserting the protist into the animal’s blood vessels

33
Q

What are the consequences of malaria?

A

It causes repeating episodes of fever. It can be fatal.

34
Q

How can we combat malaria?

A

Spread of malaria can be reduced by stopping the mosquitoes from breeding. People can be protected from mosquitoes, using insecticides and mosquito nets.

TRIPLE BOOK BIOLOGY (1 decks)

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