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Biology GCSE > B2b - Enzymes and Genetics > Flashcards

B2b - Enzymes and Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is respiration?

A

The process of releasing energy from breaking down glucose.

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2
Q

Where does respiration occur?

A

Every cell.

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3
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

Respiration that uses oxygen.

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4
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + ATP

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5
Q

What is the chemical formula for glucose?

A

C6H12O6

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6
Q

What is ATP?

A

A molecule that acts as an energy source.

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7
Q

In which part of the cell does respiration occur?

A

Mitochondria

(mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell)

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8
Q

Why is the inner surface of mitochondria folded?

A

To increase surface area available for respiratory enzymes.

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9
Q

How is the energy in the glucose released?

A

In a series of enzymes-controlled chemical reactions.

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10
Q

What is the energy from the glucose used for?

A

To synthesise ATP.

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11
Q

What are the waste products of aerobic respiration?

A

Water and carbon dioxide.

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12
Q

How do you measure the rate of respiration?

A

Measure the rate at which the reactants are used up

or

Measure the rate at which the products are formed

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13
Q

How can carbon dioxide production be measured?

A

Bubbling it through limewater as it gains a white precipitate when carbon dioxide is present (not very precise)

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14
Q

Why does a rise in temperature indicate that respiration is taking place?

A

Respiration is an exothermic reaction - it releases energy in the form of heat.

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15
Q

What is glycogen?

A

An insoluble store of glucose contained in the muscles.

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16
Q

Name three physiological changes that occur during exercise.

A
  • Heart rate increases
  • Breathing rate increases
  • Breathing depth increases
17
Q

Why does heart rate increase during exercise?

A

Cells are respiring more quickly thus they require reactants delivering and waste products removing at a faster rate.

18
Q

Why does breathing rate increase during exercise?

A

Cells are using oxygen and producing carbon dioxide at a faster rate than usual hence the lungs need to ensure the right amounts of the right chemicals are in the body.

19
Q

Why does breathing depth increase during exercise?

A

To allow the body to expel more CO2and take in more O2 per breath due to the increase in the rate in which it is produced/used.

20
Q

Why is a shorter recovery time linked to higher fitness levels?

A

The health of the cardiovascular system increases with regular exercise; the heart and lungs grow bigger with a higher blood supply so their efficiency increases.

21
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

Respiration that does not involve oxygen.

22
Q

Why does anaerobic respiration occur?

A

When the body cannot supply its cells with enough oxygen, it converts glucose to ATP without using oxgen.

23
Q

Where is the glucose sourced from in anaerobic respiration?

A

Glycogen stores in the muscles and liver.

24
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?

A

Glucose → Lactic acid + energy

25
Q

Name two disadvantages to anaerobic respiration.

A
  • Lactic acid is produced
  • It is not as efficient as aerobic respiration
26
Q

Why is lactic acid harmful?

A

It stops muscles from contracting (muscle fatigue).

27
Q

What is oxygen debt?

A

The amount of oxygen required to oxidise lactic acid into carbon dioxide and water.

28
Q

What is the energy released by respiration used for in general?

A

To build up larger molecules from smaller ones (e.g. proteins from amino acids).

29
Q

What is the energy released by respiration used for in plants?

A

To build sugars, nitrates and other nutrients into amino acids and then into proteins.

30
Q

What is the energy released by respiration used for in animals?

A

To allow the muscles to contract (movement).

31
Q

What is the energy released by respiration used for in mammals and birds?

A

To maintain a steady body temperature.

32
Q

Where is glycogen stored?

A

Mainly in the liver, but also in each muscle.

Biology GCSE (2 decks)

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