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GCSE Biology > B2a > Flashcards

B2a Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the purpose of the cell membrane?

A

Control cell entry and exit

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2
Q

What do ribosomes produce?

A

Proteins

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3
Q

What does a cell wall do?

A

Made from cellulose,gives cell strength in organisms with no bones

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4
Q

What does an animal cell contain? (5)

A

Nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes, cell membrane

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5
Q

What does a plant cell contain? (8)

A

Cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, vacuole, chloroplasts, mitochondria, ribosomes

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6
Q

What does a yeast cell contain? (7)

A

Cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes, vacuole

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7
Q

What does a bacteria cell contain? (5)

A

Cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, plasmids (short section of DNA)

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8
Q

What are specialised cells?

A

Cells with a particular function that are adapted to that function

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9
Q

How are palisade cells adapted for photosynthesis?

A

Many chloroplasts - top of cell for light, tall - SA for CO2 absorption, thin - many packed in leaf

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10
Q

How are guard cells adapted for photosynthesis?

A

Fill with water (turgid) - open stomata, empty (flaccid) - close stomata so no evaporation, close at night

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11
Q

How are cells organised?

A

Similar cells, tissues. Tissues work together to make an organ. Organs group in organ systems

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12
Q

What do organ systems do?

A

Exchange and transport materials

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13
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until an equilibrium is reached

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14
Q

Why do cell membranes use diffusion?

A

To only allow small molecules into the cell that are needed for respiration

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15
Q

What is the rate of diffusion affected by?

A

Temperature and concentration gradient

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16
Q

What does the upper epidermal layer in a leaf do?

A

Allows light in for photosynthesis

17
Q

Why do leaves need air spaces?

A

To allow diffusion to occur

18
Q

What is the vascular bundle?

A

Xylem and phloem cells - xylem carries water, phloem carries nutrients

19
Q

Why are the stomata located on the bottom of a leaf?

A

To avoid water loss by evaporation

20
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide + water

Glucose + oxygen

21
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place?

A

Chloroplasts

22
Q

What is glucose used for in plants?

A

Respiration, cellulose for cell walls, making proteins, lipids in seeds, starch

23
Q

What is starch?

A

A store of glucose used by plants when photosynthesis is not occuring

24
Q

What is the test for starch?

A

1) Hot water breaks down waxy layer
2) Ethanol extracts chlorophyll
3) Iodine turns blue if starch present (so photosynthesis is occurring)

25
Q

What are the three limiting factors of photosynthesis?

A

Light, CO2, temperature

26
Q

Describe the graph of rate of photosynthesis due to light and CO2

A

Steadily increases up to a certain point, when something else becomes the limiting factor

27
Q

Describe the effect of temperature on photosynthesis

A

Steadily increases but then starts to decrease at about 45 because enzymes are denatured

28
Q

How can farmers create an ideal plant growing environment?

A 
Greenhouse - trap heat
Artificial light
Shades + ventilation
Paraffin heaters - heat + CO2
Fertilisers
29
Q

Why do conditions need to just right for farmers?

A

To get a high yield without wasting money

30
Q

What can affect the distribution of organisms?

A

Temp, light, water, gases, nutrients

31
Q

What are nitrogen and magnesium used for in plants?

A

N - make proteins

Mg - make chlorophyll green, absorb light

32
Q

What are quadrats and how are they used?

A

1m^2
Placed at random point e.g. coordinate
Count organisms
Repeat, mean

33
Q

How can transects measure the distribution of organisms?

A

Mark out line

Count organisms touching line or place quadrat at regular interval

34
Q

How can results be reliable?

A

Reproducible - large sample size

35
Q

How can results be valid?

A

By controlling variables and using random samples

GCSE Biology (2 decks)

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