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B2 > B2.2 exchange surfaces > Flashcards

B2.2 exchange surfaces Flashcards

1
Q

explain the need for exchange surfaces and a transform system in terms of surface area to ratio

A
  • Organisms** must take in food, **oxygen and water, and other essential substances, from the environment
  • . Plants also need carbon dioxide** for **photosynthesis. Organisms also need to remove waste substances.
  • The rate of diffusion in osmosis and active transport is higher in cells with a larger surface area to volume ratio
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2
Q

Describe how to calculate surface area to volume ratio

A
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3
Q

What are the problems a multicellular organism may face when increasing in size

A

As the volume increases, surface area does not increase at the same rate.

  • problem:Their surface area does not increase as fast as the volume .
  • solution; Body systems that add additional absorbing area to exchange surfaces
  • Problem:Their volume increasesDiffusion is not quick enough to move substances to where they’re needed in the organism’s body
  • Solution: A transport system
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4
Q

Describe some of the substances transported into and out of a range of organisms in terms of the requirements of those organisms

A
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5
Q

what are the three main factors that effect the movement of substances

A
  1. surface area to volume ratio
  2. temperature
  3. concertation gradient
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6
Q

describe how surface area to volume ratio affects the movment of substances

A
  • the rate of diffusion active transport and osmosis is higher in cells that have a larger surface area to volume ratio
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7
Q

describe how temperature affects the movement of substances

A
  • as particles in a substance get warmer
  • they gain more energy and move faster
  • as temperature increases substances move in and out of cells faster
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8
Q

describe how the concentration gradient affects he movement of substances

A
  • if there’s a big difference in concentration between the inside or outside of the cell
  • substances move faster
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9
Q

list the common features of exchange surfaces

A
  • thin - for a short diffusion distance
  • large area - achieved by being long and thin, flat, or folded
  • moist - so that substances can be dissolved for diffusion to happen
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10
Q

describe the structure of the circulatory system

  • a pump (the heart)
  • valves to ensure a one-way flow of blood
A

The circulatory system consists of:

  • a system of tubes (arteries, capillaries and veins)
  • a pump (the heart)
  • valves to ensure a one-way flow of blood
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11
Q

Describe the arrangements of vessels in the circulatory system

A

LungPulmonary arteryPulmonary veinLiverHepatic arteryHepatic veinKidneyRenal arteryRenal vein

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12
Q

Describe the function of arteries in the circulatory system

A

Arteries carry blood away from the heart towards an organ

arteries away

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13
Q

Describe the function of veins in the circulatory system

A

while veins carry blood from an organ towardsthe heart.

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14
Q

Describe the function of veins in the circulatory system

A

while veins carry blood from an organ towardsthe heart.

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15
Q

recal that the body has a double circulatory system

A
  • two separate circuits
  • blood passes through the heart twice
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16
Q

Describe what the pulmonary circuit is for

h&l

A
  • the pulmonary circuit is between the heart and lungs
17
Q

Describe what the systemic circuit is for

A
  • the systemic circuit is between the heart and the other organs
17
Q

Describe what the systemic circuit is for

A
  • the systemic circuit is between the heart and the other organs
18
Q

Describe the human circulatory system and the relat between gaseous exchange

A
  • carbon dioxide diffuses** from blood into the air in the **alveoli
  • oxygen diffuses from air in the alveoli into the blood, and is absorbed by haemoglobin in the red blood cells
  • the pulmonary arterycarries deoxygenated blood and the pulmonary veincarries oxygenated blood To the lungs
    *
19
Q

Explain how the structure of the heart is adapted to its function

A
20
Q

Explain how the structure of arteries are adapted to its function

A
  • Carry blood away from the heart (always oxygenated apart from the pulmonary artery
  • Have thick muscular walls.
  • because- they contain blood under high pressure.
  • Have small passageways for blood
21
Q
A
  • Carry blood to the heart (always deoxygenated apart from the pulmonary vein which goes from the lungs to the heart).
  • Have thin walls.
  • Have larger passageways for blood (internal lumen).
  • Contain blood under low pressure.
  • Have valves to prevent blood flowing backwards.
22
Q

Explain how the structure of veins are adapted to its function

A
  • Carry blood to the heart (always deoxygenated apart from the pulmonary vein which goes from the lungs to the heart).
  • Have thin walls.
  • becausse they Contain blood under low pressure.
  • Have larger passageways for blood (internal lumen).
  • Have valves to prevent blood flowing backwards.
23
Q

Explain how the structure of capilleriss are adapted to its function

A
  • Found in the muscles and lungs.
  • Microscopic – one cell thick.
  • Very low blood pressure.
  • Where gas exchange takes place - oxygen passes through the capillary wall and into the tissues, while carbon dioxide passes from the tissues into the blood
24
Q

Explain how red blood cells are adapted to their function

A
  • they contain haemoglobin - a red protein that combines with oxygen
  • they have no nucleus so they can contain more haemoglobin and increase surface area
  • they have a biconcave shape (flattened disc shape) to maximise their surface area for oxygen absorption
25
Q

Explain how plasma is adapted to its function

A

primarily made from water

urea, carbon dioxide and glucose, are soluble in water

alows wide range of sunstances to be carried in blood

26
Q

Explain how water and mineral ions are taken up by plants

A
  • Water: water is taken up from the roots to the rest of the plant using osmosis
  • mineral ions: active transport, against the concentration gradient
27
Q

Explain how the plant root cells are adapted to their function

A

a large surface area to increase the rate of absorption. They also contain lots of mitochondria**, which release energy from **glucose** during **respiration in order to provide the energy needed for active transport.

28
Q

Describe the process of transpiration

A
29
Q

Describe the process of translocation

A
30
Q

Explain how the structure of the xylem is adapted to its function in the plant

A
31
Q

Explain how the structure of the phloem is adapted to its function in the plant

A
32
Q

Explain the effect of a variety of environmental factors on the rate of water uptake by a plant

A
  • temperature
  • humidity
  • wind speed
  • light intensity
33
Q

Temperature effect on the rebate of transpiration

A

TemperatureIncreasedEvaporation and diffusion are faster at higher temperatures

34
Q

humidity

A

HumidityDecreased

Diffusion of water vapour out of the leaf slows down if the leaf is already surrounded by moist air

35
Q

Wind speed

A

Moving air removes water vapour, increasing the rate of diffusion of water vapour from the leaf

increashes the rate of tramspira

36
Q

effect of Light intensity on transpiration

A

transpiration rate: increased

The stomata open wider to allow more carbon dioxide into the leaf for photosynthesis

B2 (2 decks)

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