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Biology B2 > B2.2 > Flashcards

B2.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

starting at the roots describe the path a water molecule will travel in the transpiration stream

A

-water enters roots by root hairs
-water is drawn up the leaf stem
-water moves into leaf
-water escapes stomata

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2
Q

how does water enter the root hair cells?

A

through osmosis

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3
Q

how do mineral ions enter the root hair cells?

A

through active tranport

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4
Q

surface area

A

the total area that the surface of the object occupies

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5
Q

volume

A

quantity of space that a substance occupies or contains

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6
Q

surface area to volume ratio

A

ratio used to compare the volume of an object with the surface area of an object

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7
Q

arteries

A

takes blood away from the heart

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8
Q

properties of arteries

A

-small lumen
-thick walls as blood in arteries are high pressure so walls don’t burst
-stretchy elastic fibres to keep pressure constant

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9
Q

veins

A

take blood towards the heart

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10
Q

properties of veins

A

-thin walls
-large lumen
-valves so blood doesn’t flow the wrong way as it’s low pressure

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11
Q

capillaries

A

small vessels that take blood to the body

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12
Q

properties of capillaries

A

-single cell thick walls
-small lumen so diffusion is quicker

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13
Q

what are the 4 components of blood?

A

-red blood cells
-white blood cells
-plasma
-platelettes

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14
Q

what is the acronym for the flow of blood around the heart?

A

Left
Oxygentated
Right
Deoxygenated

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15
Q

adaptions of alvoeoli

A

-thin walls so diffusion can occur quickly
-single layer of flat cells for diffusion to occur through
-moist for solution of gases
-network of capillaries around each alveolus to maximise gas exchange
-there are lots of them

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16
Q

adaptations of villi

A

-thin walls so diffusion can occur quickly
-single layer of flat cells for diffusion to occur through
-network of capillaries around each alveolus to maximise absorption of nutrients
-there are lots of them and intestine is very long

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17
Q

Why’s surface area to volume ratio important?

A

-large surface area : volume ratio means nutrients can diffuse directly into the organism quickly enough to sustain life, as diffusion distances are small
-the larger the organism, the lower the surface area : volume ratio

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18
Q

can multicellular organisms use just diffusion to survive?

A

most multicellular organisms cannot use simple diffusion to survive as diffusion over the greater distance cannot occur fast enough to meet the cells demands

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19
Q

how have multicellular organisms adapted to increase the surface area : volume ratio at exchange surfaces?

A

to maximise the rate of diffusion of oxygen into the bloodstream, lungs contain many alveoli

20
Q

describe the flow of blood around the body?

A
  1. deoxygenated blood is pumped from the right side of the heart to the lungs
  2. in the lungs CO2 diffuses out of the blood and oxygen diffuses into it (gas exchange)
  3. oxygenated blood travels from the lungs to the left side of the heart and is pumped to the body
  4. oxygen diffuses out of the blood and into the tissues and CO2 diffuses into the blood
  5. deoxygenated blood returns to the heart
21
Q

vena cava

A

carries blood into the heart from the body

22
Q

aorta

A

carries blood around the body

23
Q

pulmonary artery

A

carries blood to the lungs

24
Q

pulmonary vein

A

carries blood into the heart from the lungs

25
Q

left atrium

A

has thin walls

26
Q

left ventricle

A

has very thick walls; pumps blood to the body

27
Q

right ventricle

A

has thick walls; pumps blood to the lungs

28
Q

right atrium

A

has thin cell walls

29
Q

xylem

A

transports water and mineral ions upwards

30
Q

phloem

A

transports sugars upwards and downwards

31
Q

translocation

A

movement of sugars from where they are produced to where they are needed

32
Q

where does translocation take place?

A

in the phloem

33
Q

transpiration

A

the loss of water from the leaves of a plant

34
Q

transpiration stream

A

constant flow of water from the roots, through the xylem and out the leaves

35
Q

what piece of equipment is used to estimate transpiration rates?

A

potometer

36
Q

properties of the xylem

A

-carries chemicals needed for photosynthesis
-consists of dead cells

37
Q

properties of the phloem

A

-carries chemicals made during photosynthesis
-consists of living cells

38
Q

where will sugars be needed in a plant?

A

-all cells for respiration
-growing parts of the plant
-storage parts of the plant
-developing seeds

39
Q

what are the stomata?

A

pores in a leaf, mostly on the undersurface

40
Q

how do stomatas work?

A

each pore is surrounded by a pair of guard cells which can change shape to open or close stomata:
-stomata open = guard cells swollen / turgid
-stomata closed = guard cells shrunken / flaccid

41
Q

what equation is used for the rate of transpiration?

A

rate of movement = distance / time

42
Q

factors affecting the rate of transpiration

A

-light
-temperature
-wind
-humidity

43
Q

how does light affect the rate of transpiration?

A

it increases it because the stomata open wider to allow more CO2 into the leaf for photosynthesis

44
Q

how does temperature affect the rate of transpiration?

A

it increases it because evaporation and diffusion are faster at higher temperatures

45
Q

how does wind affect the rate of transpiration?

A

it increases it because water vapour is removed by air movement, speeding up diffusion of more water vapour out of the leaf

46
Q

how does humidity affect the rate of transpiration?

A

it decreases it because diffusion of water vapour out of the leaf slows down if the leaf is already surrounded by moist air

Biology B2 (2 decks)

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