B2.1 Cell Structure

Question 1

Cell organelles found in a typical animal cell

Answer 1

1. Nucleus
2. Cytoplasm
3. Cell membrane
4. Ribosome
5. Mitochondria

Question 2

Cell organelles found in a typical plant cell

Answer 2

1. Nucleus
2. Cytoplasm
3. Cell membrane
4. Ribosome
5. Mitochondria
6. Cell wall
7. Chloroplast
8. Central vacuole

Question 3

Function of the nucleus

Answer 3

To contain genetic material and controlling all activities within the cell

Question 4

Function of the cytoplasm

Answer 4

To support the internal structure of the cell and to act as the site of chemical reactions

Question 5

Function of the cell membrane

Answer 5

To control the movement of substances entering and exiting the cell

Question 6

Function of the ribosome

Answer 6

To act as the site of protein synthesis

Question 7

Function of mitochondria

Answer 7

To act as the site of aerobic respiration and energy release

Question 8

Function of the cell wall

Answer 8

It is used support the cell’s shape

Question 9

Function of the chloroplast

Answer 9

Containing the chlorophyll and enzymes needed for photosynthesis

Question 10

Function of the central vacuole

Answer 10

Storage of water, minerals and waste products

Question 11

Function of the ciliated cell

Answer 11

To move mucus in the trachea and bronchi

Question 12

Adaptation of the ciliated cell

Answer 12

Cilia are hair-like structures that are extensions of the cytoplasm that beat to move mucus

Question 13

Function of the palisade mesophyll cell

Answer 13

To carry out photosynthesis

Question 14

Adaptation of the palisade mesophyll cell

Answer 14

1. They are column-shaped to maximise absorption of sunlight and to fit as many as possible under the upper epidermis
2. Contain many chloroplast to maximise photosynthesis

Question 15

Function of the root hair cell

Answer 15

To absorb water and minerals in the soil

Question 16

Adaptation of the root hair cell

Answer 16

1. To allow for maximum absorption of the water and mineral ions by increasing surface area.
2. Thin walls to allow water to enter quickly
3. The root hair has no cell contents and its walls are lignified

Question 17

Function of the red blood cell

Answer 17

To transport oxygen

Question 18

Adaptation of the red blood cell

Answer 18

1. Biconcave disc shape increases surface area which helps in diffusion
2. Lack of nucleus allows for more space for haemoglobin
3. Cytoplasm contains haemoglobin that binds with oxygen

Question 19

Function of the sperm cell

Answer 19

Reproduction

Question 20

Adaptation of the sperm cell

Answer 20

1. Head of the sperm cell contains genetic material haploid nucleus
2. Head also contains an acrosome that contains digestive enzymes that penetrate the egg
3. The mid-piece contains many mitochondria that help with swimming and fertilisation
4. Tail allows for it to swim with direction

Question 21

Function of the egg (ovum) cell

Answer 21

Reproduction

Question 22

Adaptation of the egg (ovum) cell

Answer 22

1. Contains a lot cytoplasm that has nutrients for the growth of the embryo
2. Haploid nucleus contains genetic material
3. Cell membrane changes after fertilisation to ensure that no more sperm enters the cell