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biology > B2.1 > Flashcards

B2.1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are all living organisms made out of?

A

cells

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2
Q

what is a cell

A

cells are the building blocks of life - they are the smallest part of living matter that shows the 7 characteristics of life

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3
Q

what do all typical cells have

A

cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum

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4
Q

what is the function of cell membrane

A

partially permeable to allow substances to enter and leave the cell

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5
Q

what is the function of cytoplasm

A

a jelly-like substance where chemical reactions take place

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6
Q

what is the function of nucleus

A

contains chromosomes which are made out of DNA and controls the cell

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7
Q

what is the function of the mitochondria

A

an organelle where aerobic respiration takes place

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8
Q

what is the function of ribosomes

A

makes protein and can be found floating within the cytoplasm inside the RER

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9
Q

what structures do only plant cells have

A

vacuole, cell wall, chloroplasts

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10
Q

what is the function of vacuole

A

fluid filled sac that stores food, water and helps to maintain the shape of the cell

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11
Q

what is the function of cell wall

A

it is rigid to maintain the shape of the cell, prevents bursting, controls what enters and exits the cell

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12
Q

what is the function of chloroplasts

A

they contain chlorophyll which absorbs light energy for photosynthesis

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13
Q

what does a chlorophyll do

A

it is a pigment that traps light energy and converts it to chemical energy. This energy is used inside the chloroplast to carry out photosynthesis

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14
Q

what is the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

they produce protein for the rest of the cell to function

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15
Q

what is eukaryotic cells

A

cells that have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles (plant and animal cells)

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16
Q

what is prokaryotes cells

A

cells that lacks nucleus and membrane bound organelles (bacteria)

17
Q

name 2 different specialised plant cells

A

root hair cells, palisade mesophyll cells

18
Q

structures , functions of ciliated cells

A

contains tiny hair-like projections (cilia) –> move together to transport mucus upwards to the throat to keep lungs clean

19
Q

what is the relationship between smoking and ciliated cells

A

smoking reduces cilia which means it reduces the source that gets rid of the mucus –> this causes damage to the lungs –> causes coughing

20
Q

structures , functions of root hair cells

A

they have a large surface area , elongated shape –> speeds up rate of osmosis, mineral intake in plants

21
Q

name 4 different specialised animal cells

A

ciliated cells, red blood cells, egg cell, sperm cell

22
Q

structures , functions of palisade mesophyll cells

A

tall and closely packed to absorb light and contains a lot of chloroplasts –> helps with photosynthesis
placed on top of the lead for them to absorb most light

23
Q

structures , functions of red blood cells

A

they contain haemoglobin (red pigment) –> allows them to carry oxygen to the body
biconcave shape –> increases surface area –> allows rapid diffusion
thin cell membranes –> decreases diffusion distance
no nucleus –> more oxygen space

24
Q

structures , functions of sperm cells

A

has a lot of mitochondria –> gives the cell enough energy to reach the egg cell
has a tail (flagellum) –> allows movement
contains digestive enzymes –> helps penetrate the egg cell’s membrane
acrosome at the front tip of the cell –> allows the nucleus of sperm cell to enter egg cell

25
Q

structures , functions of egg cells

A

have a lot of cytoplasm around the nucleus –> provides nutrients for when the cell is fertilised

26
Q

what apparatus is used to study cell structure ?

A

microscope

27
Q

state the formula for cell size

A

actual size = image size / magnification

28
Q

what is 1 micrometer in mm

A

1 μm = 0.001mm

biology (5 decks)

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