B2.1 Flashcards
what are all living organisms made out of?
cells
what is a cell
cells are the building blocks of life - they are the smallest part of living matter that shows the 7 characteristics of life
what do all typical cells have
cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum
what is the function of cell membrane
partially permeable to allow substances to enter and leave the cell
what is the function of cytoplasm
a jelly-like substance where chemical reactions take place
what is the function of nucleus
contains chromosomes which are made out of DNA and controls the cell
what is the function of the mitochondria
an organelle where aerobic respiration takes place
what is the function of ribosomes
makes protein and can be found floating within the cytoplasm inside the RER
what structures do only plant cells have
vacuole, cell wall, chloroplasts
what is the function of vacuole
fluid filled sac that stores food, water and helps to maintain the shape of the cell
what is the function of cell wall
it is rigid to maintain the shape of the cell, prevents bursting, controls what enters and exits the cell
what is the function of chloroplasts
they contain chlorophyll which absorbs light energy for photosynthesis
what does a chlorophyll do
it is a pigment that traps light energy and converts it to chemical energy. This energy is used inside the chloroplast to carry out photosynthesis
what is the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum
they produce protein for the rest of the cell to function
what is eukaryotic cells
cells that have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles (plant and animal cells)
what is prokaryotes cells
cells that lacks nucleus and membrane bound organelles (bacteria)
name 2 different specialised plant cells
root hair cells, palisade mesophyll cells
structures , functions of ciliated cells
contains tiny hair-like projections (cilia) –> move together to transport mucus upwards to the throat to keep lungs clean
what is the relationship between smoking and ciliated cells
smoking reduces cilia which means it reduces the source that gets rid of the mucus –> this causes damage to the lungs –> causes coughing
structures , functions of root hair cells
they have a large surface area , elongated shape –> speeds up rate of osmosis, mineral intake in plants
name 4 different specialised animal cells
ciliated cells, red blood cells, egg cell, sperm cell
structures , functions of palisade mesophyll cells
tall and closely packed to absorb light and contains a lot of chloroplasts –> helps with photosynthesis
placed on top of the lead for them to absorb most light
structures , functions of red blood cells
they contain haemoglobin (red pigment) –> allows them to carry oxygen to the body
biconcave shape –> increases surface area –> allows rapid diffusion
thin cell membranes –> decreases diffusion distance
no nucleus –> more oxygen space
structures , functions of sperm cells
has a lot of mitochondria –> gives the cell enough energy to reach the egg cell
has a tail (flagellum) –> allows movement
contains digestive enzymes –> helps penetrate the egg cell’s membrane
acrosome at the front tip of the cell –> allows the nucleus of sperm cell to enter egg cell
structures , functions of egg cells
have a lot of cytoplasm around the nucleus –> provides nutrients for when the cell is fertilised
what apparatus is used to study cell structure ?
microscope
state the formula for cell size
actual size = image size / magnification
what is 1 micrometer in mm
1 μm = 0.001mm
