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Biology 2 > B2 Part A > Flashcards

B2 Part A Flashcards

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1
Q

List the 5 main features of an animal cell

A
  1. Nucleus
  2. Cell membrane
  3. Ribosomes
  4. Cytoplasm
  5. Mitochondria
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2
Q

Which feature of an animal cell is ‘selectively permeable’? Define this term

A

The cell membrane is selectively permeable, meaning that it allows certain molecules or ions to pass through it by means of active or passive transport.

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3
Q

What are mitochondria?

A

Sites of aerobic respiration, which allow energy to be released so that the cell can function.

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4
Q

What is the purpose of ribosomes?

A

Ribosomes connect amino acids onto one another in order to make proteins. They are known as protein synthesizers.

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5
Q

List the 3 features that are specialist to plant cells and outline what they do

A
  1. The cell wall (made of cellulose) strengthens and supports the cell.
  2. Permanent vacuoles contain cell sap (a weak solution of salts and sugars which provide energy)
  3. Chloroplasts contain a green substance called chlorophyll, which is where photosynthesis occurs.
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6
Q

Draw a diagram of a fungal/yeast cell and finish this sentence: Yeast is a …………… microorganism

A

Yeast is a single-celled microorganism

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7
Q

Draw a bacteria cell (or list the 9 main features)

A
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8
Q

What is the purpose of the flagellum and which two main types of cell have them?

A

It enables mobility of both bacteria and sperm cells.

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9
Q

What is the equation for calculating magnification?

A

Magnification = size of subject in the image ÷ actual size of subject

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10
Q

Which feature of a sperm cell is a cap of enzymes that breaks down the egg wall?

Do sperm cells have mitochondria and a nucleus?

A

The acrosome is a cap of enzymes that breaks down the egg wall.

Yes, sperm cells have mitrochondria and a haploid nucleus.

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11
Q

Why are red blood cells biconcave and why don’t they have a nucleus?

A

Red blood cells are biconcave because it increases the surface area/volume ratio (bigger surface area). They have no nucleus because this means there is more space for oxygen to attach to the cell.

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12
Q

What form of nucleus does a white blood cell have and why?

A

It has a lobed nucleus so that it is able to control the whole cell and engulf foreign bodies.

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13
Q

What type of cell is this? Draw a labelled diagram

A

Root hair cell

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14
Q

What is the purpose of guard cells? Draw a labelled diagram

A

Guard cells change shape to control gas and water exchange

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15
Q

What type of cell is this? Label the diagram

A
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16
Q

What is an egg cells purpose?

A

To carry the female DNA and nourish a developing embryo in the early stages, for this it contains huge food reserves.

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17
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A collective of specialised cells that perform the same function

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18
Q

What is an organ?

A

An organ is various different tissues working together for the same outcome

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19
Q

What is an organ system? Give an example

A

A series of organs that work in conjunction with one another eg. The digestive system

20
Q

Name the three different types of tissue in the stomach and outline their purpose

A

Muscular tissue - contracts and shortens to cause movement that churns up the chyme in the stomach

Glandular tissue - excretes substances which assist with digestion of food in the stomach cavity

Epithelial tissue - covers the inside and outside, acting as a protective lining. Often the cells will be columnar so that other types of cell can embed themselves.

21
Q

Label this diagram of the digestive system

A
22
Q

What is the purpose of

  1. Glands (eg. the pancreas and salivary glands)
  2. The stomach
  3. The liver
  4. The small intestine
  5. The large intestine
A
  1. Glands produce digestive juices
  2. The stomach breaks down and digests food
  3. The liver produces bile
  4. The small intestine absorbs soluble food molecules
  5. The large intestine absorbs water from undigested food, leaving faeces to be excreted from the anus
23
Q

How does bile aid the digestive system?

A

The enzymes in the small intestine work best in alkaline conditions, but the food is acidic after being in the stomach. Bile is an alkaline substance stored in the gall bladder. It is secreted into the small intestine, where it emulsifies fats and provides a larger surface area in which the lipases can work.

24
Q

What plant life process occursin mesophyll tissue?

A

Photosynthesis

25
Q

Give the equation for photosynthesis

A

Carbon Dioxide + Water ⇒ Glucose and Oxygen

⇒ = sunlight and chlorophyll

26
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur in plants?

A

In the chloroplasts

27
Q

Draw a labelled cross section of a leaf (12 labels in total)

A
28
Q

Describe the process of photosynthesis in 4 main steps

A
  1. Sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll (in the chloroplasts)
  2. Carbon dioxide diffuses into the leaf and water from the soil reaches cells via the xylem
  3. Using energy from the sunlight, the carbon dioxide and water is converted into glucose in the chloroplasts of the leaf
  4. Oxygen is released as a by-product
29
Q

What is the purpose of the waxy cuticle of a leaf?

A

It stops water from escaping and protects it from insect bites

30
Q

Name the two different types of mesophyll layer in a leaf and outline their purpose

A

Palisade mesophyll layer - second layer of cells (below the upper epidermis), because it is towards the surface of the leaf and palisade cells contain chloroplasts, it is the main sit for photosynthesis.

Spongy mesophyll layer - a layer of spongy irregular shaped calles and air space where gas is able to circulate so the plant can absorb it

31
Q

In which part of a leaf would you find the most stomata and what is their function?

A

The lower epidermis will be covered in tiny holes (with guard cells eitherside) known as stomata, these openings will contract to control gas exchange. Guard cells also contain chloroplasts.

32
Q

Which four factors effect the rate of photosynthesis?

A
  1. Light intensity
  2. Volume of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
  3. Temperature
  4. Amount of water available
33
Q

What does a limiting factor do to the rate of a reaction?

A

A limiting factor prevents a reaction happening any faster

34
Q

Fill in the gaps:

At night, ………….. is a limiting factor of photosynthesis. In winter it will be the ……………… but if it’s both warm enough and bright enough, the amount of …………….. is usually limiting

A

At night, light is a limiting factor of photosynthesis. In winter it will be the temperature but if it’s both warm and bright enough, the amount of carbon dioxide is usually limiting.

35
Q

Draw and label a rate of photosynthesis/light intensity graph and annotate

A
36
Q

Which other limiting factor of photosynthesis creates a graph of the same shape as light intensity? Draw and annotate if it helps

A

Concentration/volume of carbon dioxide

37
Q

Draw and annotate the graph of rate of photosynthesis/temperature. At what temperature do enzymes in the leaf tend to denature and be destroyed?

A

45 °C

38
Q

How might a famer artificially create ideal conditions for photosynthesis in order to make their crops grow at the fastest rate posssible?

A

Grow them in a greenhouse

39
Q

List the five different ways plant use the glucose made in photosynthesis

A
  1. For respiration
  2. Converting into celulose to make cell walls
  3. Creating proteins
  4. For storing in seeds
  5. To store as starch
40
Q

What is glucose combined with in order to make proteins?

A

Glucose is combined with nitrate ions from the soil to make amino acids, which can be turned into proteins.

41
Q

Why is starch better for storing than glucose? Which plants store a lot of it underground so the plant can grow from it the following spring?

A

Starch is insoluble, wheareas if glucose was stored it would absorb lots of water and cause the plant to swell.

Potato and Parsnip plants (we eat the swollen storage units)

42
Q

What is glucose converted into in order for it to be stored in seeds?

A

Lipids (fats and oils)

43
Q

Which environmental factors affect where an organism will live? (5)

A
  • Temperature
  • Availability of water
  • Availability of oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • Availability of nutrients
  • Amount of light
44
Q

Outline two methods by which you can study the distribution of an organism

A
  1. Measure how common an organism is in two sample areas (eg. by using quadrats and calculating the mean number of organisms in each) and compare them
  2. Study how the distribution changes across an area (eg. by placing quadrats along a transect)
45
Q

How would you work out the population size of an organism in a sample area?

eg. In 800m2 with a mean average of 22 daisies per m2, what is the total population?

A

Work out the mean number of organisms per m2 and then multiply the mean by the total area of the sample size

22 x 800 = 17,600

46
Q

When collecting environmental data what two things must you be aware of?

A
  • Reliability (repeatable and reproducable) - take a large sample size and use random samples
  • Validity - control all the variables

Biology 2 (2 decks)

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