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biology > B2 - Organisation > Flashcards

B2 - Organisation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cells

A

the basic building blocks that make up all living organisms

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2
Q

specialised cells

A

carry out a particular function

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3
Q

differentiation

A

the process of cells becoming specialised

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4
Q

differentiation occurs during

A

the development of a multicellular organism

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5
Q

tissue

A

a group of similar cells that work together to perform a particular function

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6
Q

muscular tissue in mammals

A

contracts to move whatever it’s attached to

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7
Q

glandular tissue in mammals

A

makes and secretes chemicals like enzymes and hormones

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8
Q

epithelial tissue in mammals

A

covers some parts of the body

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9
Q

organ

A

a group of different tissues that work together to perform a certain function

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10
Q

muscular tissue in the stomach

A

moves the stomach wall to churn up food

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11
Q

glandular tissue in the stomach

A

makes digestive juices to digest food

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12
Q

epithelial tissue in the stomach

A

covers the inside and outside of the stomach

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13
Q

organ system

A

a group of organs working together to perform a particular function

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14
Q

enzymes

A

biological catalysts

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15
Q

catalyst

A

a substance which increases the speed of a reaction without being changed or used up

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16
Q

lock and key model

A
  • every enzyme has an active site with a unique shape that fits onto the substance
  • for the enzyme to work, the substrate has to fit into its active site
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17
Q

if the temperature gets too hot, what happens to the enzymes?

A

some of the bonds holding the enzyme together break which changes the shape of the enzymes active site

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18
Q

what two things affect enzymes?

A

temperature and pH

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19
Q

denatured

A

when the shape of an enzymes active site changes so the substrate doesn’t fit anymore

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20
Q

carbohydrase

A

converts starch into sugars

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21
Q

where is carbohydrase found?

A

salivary glands, pancreas and small intestine

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22
Q

protease

A

converts proteins into amino acids

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23
Q

where is protease found?

A

stomach, pancreas and small intestine

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24
Q

lipase

A

convert lipids into glycerol and fatty acids

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25
Q

where is lipase found?

A

pancreas and small intestine

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26
Q

bile

A
  • produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder before being released into the small intestine
  • alkaline
  • neutralises the hydrochloric acid from the stomach and makes conditions best for enzymes
  • emulsifies fats to make digestion faster
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27
Q

organs in the digestive system

A

salivary glands, liver, stomach, gall bladder, pancreas, large intestine, small intestine and rectum

28
Q

salivary glands

A

produce the amylase enzyme in the saliva

29
Q

liver

A

where bile is produced to neutralise stomach acid and emulsify fats

30
Q

stomach

A

pummels the food with muscular walls and produces hydrochloric acid to kill bacteria and give the right pH for the protease enzyme

31
Q

gall bladder

A

where bile is stored before being released into the small intestine

32
Q

pancreas

A

produces enzymes before releasing them into the small intestine

33
Q

large intestine

A

where excess water is absorbed from the food

34
Q

small intestine

A

produces enzymes and is where digested food is absorbed out of the digestive system and into the blood

35
Q

rectum

A

where the faeces are stored

36
Q

benedict’s test

A
  • tests for sugars

- changes colour to blue, green, yellow or brick red

37
Q

iodine solution

A
  • tests for starch

- changes colour to browny-orange, black or blue-black

38
Q

biuret test

A
  • tests for proteins

- changes colour to blue, pink or purple

39
Q

sudan III test

A
  • tests for lipids

- separates into two layers with a bright red top layer

40
Q

parts of the heart

A

pulmonary artery, vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta

41
Q

how does the heart work?

A
  • blood flows into the two atria from the vena cava and the pulmonary vein
  • the atria contract, pushing the blood into the ventricles
  • the ventricles contract, forcing the blood into the pulmonary artery and the aorta, out of the heart
  • the blood then flows to the organs through arteries and veins before returning to the heart
42
Q

pacemaker

A

a group of cells in the right atrium wall that control the resting heart rate

43
Q

three blood vessels

A

arteries, capillaries and veins

44
Q

arteries

A
  • carry blood away from the heart

- walls are thick, strong and elastic to cope with high pressure

45
Q

capillaries

A
  • involved in the exchange of materials at the tissues

- one cell thick and have permeable walls so substances can diffuse in and out

46
Q

veins

A
  • take blood back to the heart

- have valves to keep blood flowing in the right direction because of low pressure

47
Q

calculating rate of blood flow

A

rate of blood flow = volume of blood / number of minutes

48
Q

four parts of blood

A

red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma

49
Q

red blood cells

A
  • carry oxygen from the lungs to all cells

- don’t have a nucleus to allow room for more oxygen

50
Q

white blood cells

A

defend against infection through phagocytosis or by producing antibodies

51
Q

platelets

A

help the blood clot at the wound to stop blood getting out and microorganisms getting in

52
Q

plasma

A

a pale straw-coloured liquid that carries blood cells, nutrients, carbon dioxide, urea, hormones, proteins, antibodies and antitoxins

53
Q

coronary heart disease

A

when the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart get blocked by layers of fatty material building up§

54
Q

stents

A

tubes that are inserted inside arteries to keep them open so blood can pass through

55
Q

advantages of stents

A
  • lower the risk of a heart attack
  • effective for a long time
  • recovery time is relatively quick
56
Q

disadvantages of stents

A
  • risk of complications during the operation
  • risk of infection from surgery
  • risk of developing a blood clot near the stent
57
Q

cholesterol

A

an essential lipid that the body produces and needs to function properly

58
Q

stains

A

drugs that reduce the amount of bad cholesterol present in the bloodstream

59
Q

advantages of stains

A
  • reduce the risk of heart attacks and strokes
  • can increase the amount of beneficial cholesterol in the bloodstream
  • may also help prevent some other diseases
60
Q

disadvantages of stains

A
  • could forget to take them
  • sometimes have negative side effects
  • the effect isn’t instant
61
Q

communicable diseases

A

diseases that can spread from person to person or between animals and people

62
Q

non-communicable diseases

A

diseases that can’t be spread but generally last for a long time and get worse slowly

63
Q

three things that affect health

A

diet, stress and life situation

64
Q

cancer

A

the uncontrolled growth and division is a result of changes that occur to the cells and results in the formation of a tumour

65
Q

benign tumour

A
  • where the tumour grows until there’s no more room
  • stays in one place
  • isn’t dangerous or cancerous
66
Q

malignant tumour

A
  • where the tumour grows and spreads to healthy tissues
  • cells can break off and spread to other parts of the body by travelling in the bloodstream
  • they invade healthy tissues to form secondary tumours
  • dangerous and cancerous

biology (2 decks)

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