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Biology B2 > B2- Organisation > Flashcards

B2- Organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the functions of these three tissues in the stomach:

  • Muscular tissue
  • Glandular tissue
  • Epithelial tissue
A
  • moves stomach walls for digestion
  • makes digestive juices that digest food
  • cover the inside and outside of the stomach
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2
Q

Mouth

A
  • chews food (mastication) until it becomes a bolus and travels down the oesophagus.
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3
Q

Salivary gland

A

contains amylase that breaks down carbohydrates into sugars.

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4
Q

Oesophagus

A

moves food through peristalsis

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5
Q

Stomach

A
  • pummels food
  • enzyme pepsin breakdowns proteins.
  • produces HCl to kill bacteria and provide acidic conditions for pepsin.
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6
Q

Pancreas

A

Produces enzymes and insulin

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7
Q

Liver

A
  • produces bile

- Bile neutralises acids and emulsifies fats

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8
Q

Gall bladder

A

stores the bile

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9
Q

Small intestine

A
  • enzymes breakdown food

- soluble food molecules are absorbed

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10
Q

Large intestine

A

excess water from the food molecules is absorbed

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11
Q

Rectum

A

faeces is stored

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12
Q

What is a metabolic pathway?

A

A series of chemical reactions starting with substrate and finishing with product.

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13
Q

How do enzymes affect the metabolic pathway?

A

they control the metabolic pathway,

by changing the substrate at each step to get the final product.

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14
Q

What is the anabolic metabolic pathway?

A

Anabolic

  • requires energy
  • used to build large molecules
    e. g in photosynthesis (glucose is made)
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15
Q

What is the catabolic metabolic pathway?

A

Catabolic

  • makes energy
  • used to break large molecules into small molecules
    e. g in food digestion
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16
Q

What are the benefits of enzyme?

A

They reduce the need for a high temp

they speed up the reaction without getting used up.

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17
Q

uses of carbohydrates

A
  • respiration produces ATP
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18
Q

uses of protein

A

growth & repair

protein synthesis

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19
Q

uses of lipids

A

insulation

energy storage for respiration

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20
Q

Process of gas exchange

A
  • Blood from capillaries comes to the lungs.
    it carries a high conc of CO2 and low conc of O2.
    the CO2 diffuses out through the alveolus to the low conc of CO2.
    the O2 coming in from air diffuses from high conc outside to low conc of O2 in blood.
    The blood reaches body cells.
    the RBCs in blood have high conc of O2 and low conc of CO2.
    so the O2 goes from high conc in blood to low conc in body cells
    the CO2 from body cells diffuses from high conc in body cells to low conc of CO2 in RBCs.
    and the blood goes back to lungs.
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21
Q

Adaptations of the alveoli

A
  • folded so greater SA
  • one cell thick walls so short distance for diffusion
  • surrounded by blood capillaries so good blood supply so maintained conc gradient between blood and air.
  • each alveolus is ventilated
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22
Q

% of O2, N2 and CO2 in inhaled and exhaled air.

A

inhaled air:

  • O2: 21%
  • N2 79%
  • CO2 0.04%

Exhaled air

  • O2: 16%
  • N2: 79%
  • CO2: 4%
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23
Q

What happens during Inhalation?

A
  • air drawn into lungs
  • vol of chest increases & pressure of chest decrease
  • External i-muscles contract
  • Internal i-muscles relax
  • Ribcage moves up and outwards
  • Diaphragm contracts/ flattens.
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24
Q

What happens during exhalation?

A
  • air forced out of lungs
  • vol of chest decreases & pressure of chest increases
  • External i-muscles relax
  • Internal i-muscles contract
  • Ribcage moves down and in
  • Diaphragm moves upwards/ relaxes.
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25
Q

Explain the pathway of blood.

A

DEOX blood from body flows into the venacava —> right atrium contracts —-> reight ventricle contracts —> goes out from pulmonary artery —-> to lungs to become OXY.

OXY blood from lungs comes in through pulmonary vein —> left atrium contract —-> left ventricle contracts—-> out from aorta —> to body to get DEOXY and come back to the heart.

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26
Q

What is the function of valves.

A

The make sure that blood keeps flowing in one direction.

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27
Q

How do natural pacemakers work.

A 
group of cells in the right atrium act as pacemakers.
they control heart rate
cells produce electrical impulses 
impulses spread to muscles 
making them contract.
28
Q

How do artificial pacemakers work?

A

An electrical device implanted under into your skin/chest so if a patient has an irregular heartbeat.
Wire from pacemaker connected to heart
produces electrical current to keep the heart beating.

29
Q

Natural pacemaker vs Artificial, advantages.

A

Natural pros:

  • regular heart beats
  • lots of energy
  • pacemaker works.

Artificial pros:

  • relieves symptoms of slow heartbeats.
  • eliminates symptoms of bardycardia
  • more energy
30
Q

Cons of an artificial pacemaker:

A
  • not a cure
  • may cause infection
  • symptoms eg bleeding or swelling
  • would have to avoid strong electric and magnetic fields
31
Q

Function of arteries

A
  • Carry blood away from the heart.
32
Q

How are arteries adapted to their function?

A
  • thick walls
  • small lumen
  • walls made of elastic fibres and smooth muscles.

outerlining of elastic fibres and muscles allows arteries to expand to withstand the high pressure of blood forced out of the heart—> pulse.
thick smooth muscle is there so when the arteries expand, the muscle contracts and pushes the blood along the vessel.

33
Q

Why don’t arteries need valves?

A

Because the blood is flowing at such a high pressure and the muscles contract to stop it from going the other way.

34
Q

What is the function of veins?

A

carry blood back to the heart.

35
Q

Adaptations of the veins to their function.

A

thin walls due to low pressure of the blood—> no pulse.
large lumen to allow more blood to get through.
valves to keep blood flowing in the right direction.

36
Q

What is the function of capillaries.

A

exchanging materials at the tissues, supply food and oxygen to cells and take away CO2.

37
Q

adaptations of capillaries to their function

A
  • permeable walls: substances diffuse in&out.

- one cell thick walls —> increases rate of diffusion by decreasing the distance of diffusion.

38
Q

Function of RBCs

A

carry oxygen to all cells in the body.

haemoglobin binds to O2 to become oxyhaemoglobin

39
Q

Adaptations of RBCs

A

shaped like biconcave disc: larger SA for absorbing oxygen.

No nucleus: more room for O2

40
Q

Function of WBCs

A

Defend against infections

41
Q

Adaptations of WBCs

A

Have a nucleus: need energy
phagocytes: engulf pathogens.
produce antibodies.

42
Q

How does being at high altitude affect RBCs in body?

A

At high altitudes, there is less oxygen in air, so people who live there produce more RBCs to compensate.

43
Q

Function of platelets.

A

Help blood clot at wounds.
stops excessive bleeding from wounds.
stops microorganisms entering body from wounds.

44
Q

Adaptations of platelets.

A

Proteins on surface that allow them to stick to each other and to the wounds.

45
Q

Function of plasma.

A

CARRIES EVERYTHING IN BlOOD.

  • RBCs and WBCs
  • CO2
  • urea from liver to kidneys.
  • nutrients eg glucose.
  • hormones
  • proteins.
46
Q

Coronary heart disease.

A
  • non communicable
  • Coronary arteries supply heart with oxygen and food.
  • if they get blocked due to plaque build up in the artery wall.
  • so O2 can’t be transported to the lungs so cells dont get O2
  • less respiration because cells die
  • heart pumps faster to get more O2 through blood
  • heart attack happens
47
Q

What is thrombosis?

A

clotting of blood in blood vessels —> leads to stroke —> cz no O2 transported to brain.

48
Q

Stent

A

tube inserted inside artery to keep it open and allow to blood to pass through.

49
Q

Pros and Cons of stents.

A

Pros:

  • fast recovery
  • long time effective
  • lowers risk of heart attack

Cons:

  • risk o complication
  • risk of infection
  • risk of developing thrombosis near stent.
50
Q

What is a bypass?

A

Replacing artery by a new one.

51
Q

What do statins do?

A

Reduce LDL (bad) cholesterol from blood.

52
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

A lipid that the body needs to function.

53
Q

Pros and cons of statins

A

Pros:

  • reducing LDL reduces risk of strokes and heart attacks.
  • Statins can increase HDL.
  • may help prevent other diseases.

Cons:

  • long term drug, has to be taken regularly
  • Negative side effects
  • Takes time.
54
Q

How do artificial hearts work?

A

Mechanical devices pumping blood for someone with heart failure

55
Q

Pros and cons of artificial hearts.

A

Pros:

  • less likely to be rejected.
  • acts as a temporary fix until donor found.

Cons:

  • surgery may lead to bleeding and infection
  • dont work as well as natural ones
  • patient has to take drugs to thin their blood to make sure it flows through.
56
Q

What is a leaky valve?

A

When blood blows in both directions.

Becomes stiff and opens

57
Q

Pros and cons of biological valves.

A

Pros:

  • strong and flexible
  • no medication

Cons:

  • more expensive
  • used from animals–> ethical issues.
58
Q

Mechanical valves pros and cons.

A

Pros:

  • lasts long
  • cheaper

Cons:

  • Risk of blood clot
  • Risk of stroke or heart attack
  • medication has side effects.
59
Q

Define health

A

a state of mental and physical wellbeing.

60
Q

Diff b/w communicable and noncommunicable diseases.

A

Communicable:

  • spread person to person or from animal to person
  • caused by virus, bacteria, parasites.

Non communicable

  • cannot spread person to person.
  • generally last longer
61
Q

How do different types of diseases interact?

A
  • Defects in immune system –> increased chance of suffering from c-diseases eg influenza because the body is less likely to defend itself against pathogens.
  • some cancers triggered by viruses.
  • Immune system reactions trigger allergic reactions.
  • Mental health issues affect health and life expectancy.
62
Q

What causes cancer?

A

Uncontrolled cell division and and growth , making changes to a cell.

63
Q

Define malignant and benign tumours.

A

Benign:

  • tumour grows until it has no more room left.
  • tumour stays in one place
  • is not that dangerous.

Malignant:

  • Tumour growth and invades other tissues.
  • Cells can break off and spread to other pats through bloodstream.
  • form secondary tumours.
  • dangerous—> cause cancer
64
Q

Risk factors for n-c- diseases.

A
  • Smoking directly causes lung cancer
  • obesity directly causes Type 2 diabetes.
  • Alcohol directly causes liver disease.
65
Q

Why have cancer survival rates increased?

A
  • improved treatment
  • being able to diagnose at early stages
  • improved screening
66
Q

Risk factors with lifestyle

A
  • Smoking –> lung cancer
  • obesity –> cancers
  • UV exposure –> skin cancer
  • genetics —> faulty genes or mutations.

Biology B2 (2 decks)

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