Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology AQA > B2 Organisation > Flashcards

B2 Organisation Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a cell?

A

The basic building block of a living organism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of cells with a similar structure and function working together. For example, muscular tissue contracts to bring about movement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is an organ?

A

A collection of tissues working together to perform a specific function. For example, the stomach contains glandular, muscular and epithelial tissues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group of organs working together to perform specific functions. For example, the digestive system contains organs such as the stomach, the small intestine and the large intestine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the role of the pancreas and the salivary gland in the digestive system?

A

The pancreas and the salivary gland are glands which produce digestive juices containing enzymes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the main function of the digestive system?

A

To digest food and absorb the nutrients obtained from digestion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the role of the stomach in the digestive system?

A

Produces hydrochloric acid - which kills any bacteria present and provides the optimum acidic pH for the protease enzyme to function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the role of the small intestine in the digestive system?

A

The small intestine is the site where soluble food molecules are absorbed into the bloodstream.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the role of the large intestine in the digestive system?

A

Absorbs water from undigested food, producing faeces.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the role of the liver in the digestive system?

A

Produces bile (stored in the gallbladder) which emulsifies lipids and allows the lipase enzyme to work more efficiently.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the role of enzymes in the digestive system?

A

Enzymes act as biological catalysts which speed up the rate of biological reactions (the breakdown of food) without being used up.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does the shape of an enzyme affect its function?

A

Enzymes have a specific active site which is complementary to their substrate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The sum of all the reactions in a cell or an organism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What types of metabolic reactions do enzymes catalyse?

A
  • Building larger molecules from smaller molecules eg. glucose to starch.
  • Changing one molecule to another eg. glucose to fructose.
  • Breaking down larger molecules into smaller molecules eg. carbohydrates to glucose.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the lock and key hypothesis of enzyme function?

A

The shape of the enzyme active site and the substrate are complementary, so can bind together to form an enzyme-substrate complex.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does temperature affect enzyme action?

A

Up to a certain point, increasing temperature increases enzyme action, as molecules have a higher kinetic energy. Above a certain temperature, the shape of the active site is altered and the enzyme becomes denatured, so ti can no longer catalyse the reaction. The optimum temperature is around 37°.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does pH affect enzyme function?

A

The optimum pH for most enzymes is 7 (apart from proteases in the stomach). fI the pH is too extreme, the shape of the active site may be altered and the enzyme may no longer work.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where are carbohydrases, proteases and lipases produced in the body?

A
  • Carbohydrases: amylase - salivary gland and pancreas; maltase - small intestine.
  • Proteases: pepsin - stomach; others - pancreas and small intestine.
  • Lipases: pancreas and small intestine.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the role of carbohydrases in the digestive system?

A

Carbohydrases break down carbohydrates into monosaccharides and disaccharides. Amylase breaks down starch into maltose, and maltase breaks down maltose into glucose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the role of proteases in the digestive system?

A

Proteases break down proteins into amino acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the role of lipases in the digestive system?

A

Lipases break down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How are the products of digestion used?

A

They are used to build bigger molecules such as carbohydrates and proteins. Glucose is used as a substrate in respiration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where is bile made and stored in the body?

A

Bile is made by the liver and stored in the gallbladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the purpose of the circulatory system?

A

Carries oxygen and other useful substances to bodily tissues, and removes waste substances.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the role of bile in the digestive system?

A
  • Bile is an alkaline substance which neutralises the hydrochloric acid secreted by the stomach.
  • Bile emulsifies lipids to form droplets - this increases the surface area for the lipase enzyme to work on.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the heart?

A

An organ that pumps blood around the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Where does blood pumped by the left ventricle go?

A

Body tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How does the double circulatory system work?

A
  • One pathway carries blood from the heart to the lungs - where the gaseous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.
  • One pathway carries blood from the heart to the tissues.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where does blood pumped by the right ventricle go?

A

The lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Why is the double circulatory system important?

A

It makes the circulatory system more efficient - for example, oxygenated blood can be pumped around the body at a higher pressure by the left ventricle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How many chambers does the heart have and what are they called?

A

4 - right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Why is the wall of the left ventricle thicker?

A

The left ventricle has to pump blood at a higher pressure around the whole body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the four main blood vessels associated with the heart?

A
  • Aorta (left) - carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body.
  • Pulmonary vein (left) - carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
  • Vena cava (right) - carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart.
  • Pulmonary artery (right) - carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the purpose of valves in the heart?

A

Prevent the backflow of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the purpose of coronary arteries?

A

Coronary arteries supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Describe the process of blood flow through the heart

A
  • Blood enters the right atrium via the vena cava, and the left atrium via the pulmonary vein.
  • The atria contract, forcing blood into the ventricles and causing valves to shut.
  • After the ventricles contract, blood in the right ventricle enters the pulmonary artery (to the lungs) and blood in the left ventricle enters the aorta (to the body).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the approximate value of the natural resting heart rate?

A

70 beats per minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How is the heart rate controlled?

A

Heart rate is controlled by a group of cells in the right atrium which act as a pacemaker. They release waves of electrical activity which cause the heart muscle to contract.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

How can an abnormal heart rhythm be treated?

A

Irregular heart rhythms can be treated using an artificial pacemaker, which sends out electrical signals to correct the heart’s rhythm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are the three types of blood vessel in the body?

A
  • Arteries
  • Veins
  • Capillaries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

How are arteries adapted for their function?

A
  • Function: carry blood away from the heart.
  • Thick muscle layer - adds strength to resist high pressure.
  • Thick elastic layer - allows arteries to stretch and recoil - in order to withstand high pressure.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

How are veins adapted for their function?

A
  • Function: carry blood towards the heart
  • Wide lumen - enables low pressure
  • Valves - prevent backflow of blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

How are capillaries adapted for their function?

A
  • Function: enable transfer of substances between the blood and tissues.
  • Walls are one cell thick - short diffusion path.
  • Permeable walls - substances can diffuse across.
  • Narrow lumen - blood moves slowly - more time for diffusion.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

How would you calculate the rate of blood flow?

A

Volume of blood / number of minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Where are the lungs found in the body?

A

The lungs are located in the thorax (within the chest). They are protected by the ribcage and separated from the rest of the abdomen by the diaphragm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What tissues make up the gas exchange system?

A
  • Trachea
  • Intercostal muscles
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
  • Diaphragm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Explain how the lungs are ventilated by the action of intercostal muscles

A
  • Intercostal muscles contract
  • Ribcage moves upwards and outwards
  • Diaphragm flattens and volume of the chest increases
  • Increased volume results in decreased pressure
  • Air is drawn into lungs down pressure gradient

The inverse occurs when air moves out of the lungs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Describe how gas exchange occurs at the alveoli

A
  • Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the capillary bloodstream down its concentration gradient.
  • Carbon dioxide diffuses from the capillary into the alveoli down its concentration gradient.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Describe how alveoli are adapted for gas exchange

A
  • Small and arranged in clusters - larger surface area.
  • Rich blood supply - maintains concentration gradient.
  • Thin alveolar wall - short diffusion pathway.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

How would you calculate the breathing rate

A

Number of breaths / number of minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What substance carries the different components of blood around the body?

A

Plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What substances are transported by plasma?

A
  • Red blood cells
  • White blood cells
  • Platelets
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Urea
  • Products of digestion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is plasma?

A

A yellow liquid within blood that transports substances around the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is the purpose of red blood cells in blood?

A

Transport of oxygen around the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

How are red blood cells adapted for their function?

A
  • Biconcave shape - increased surface area to volume ratio.
  • No nucleus - more room for haemoglobin to bind to oxygen.
  • Contain haemoglobin - binds to oxygen.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is the purpose of white blood cells in blood?

A

They form part of the immune system, which protects the body from invading pathogens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

How are white blood cells adapted for their function?

A
  • Have a nucleus - contains DNA which codes for proteins
  • Can produce antibodies
  • Can produce antitoxins
  • Can engulf and digest pathogens (phagocytosis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is the purpose of platelets in blood?

A

Platelets are small cell fragments which aid the clotting of blood at the site of a wound.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

Coronary heart disease occurs when the coronary arteries that supply the heart muscle become blocked with a buildup of fatty material.

This restricts the supply of oxygen to the heart, possibly leading to a heart attack or death.

55
Q

Why is the function of platelets important?

A

Platelets aid in the process of blood clotting (conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin).

As a result, red blood cells are trapped in the fibrin network, forming a clot which prevents excessive bleeding. Scab formation (after the clot has dried) prevents bacteria from entering the wound.

56
Q

What is a stent and how does ti work?

A

A stent is a metal mesh tube that is inserted into a blocked artery so that it remains open.

The stent is inflated using a balloon, which is later removed to allow blood to flow freely.

57
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of stents?

A

Advantages
* Insertion can be carried out without general anaesthetic
* Quick recovery time
* Lower the risk of a heart attack

Disadvantages
* Risk of postoperative infection
* Risk of blood clots at site of stent

58
Q

What are statins?

A

Statins are drugs which reduce the level of LDL (bad) cholesterol which contributes to the development of coronary heart disease.

59
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of statins?

A

Advantages
* Reduce risk of strokes, coronary heart disease and heart attacks
* Increase level of HDL (good) cholesterol

Disadvantages
* Have to be taken continuously
* May have side effects
* Effect may not be immediate

60
Q

What is a heart bypass surgery?

A

A surgery where blocked coronary arteries are replaced with sections of veins taken from other parts of the body.

61
Q

What are the consequences of leaky heart valves?

A

Blood flows in the wrong direction, causing the heart to become less efficient. Patients may become breathless and die as a result.

62
Q

What types of valves can replace leaky valves?

A
  • Mechanical - made of metal or polymers
  • Biological - taken from animals (pigs,
    sometimes humans)
63
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of mechanical valves?

A

Advantages
* Last for a very long time

Disadvantages
* Need to take medication to prevent blood clotting around valve

64
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of biological valves?

A

Advantages
* Work very well - no medication required

Disadvantages
* Only lasts 12-15 years

65
Q

What is the purpose of an artificial heart?

A

Artificial hearts are intended to support a patient’s heart while they wait for a suitable donor heart.

66
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of artificial hearts?

A

Advantages
* Less likely to be rejected by immune system
* Allows damaged heart to rest to help recovery

Disadvantages
* Risk of infection due to surgery
* Risk of blood clots
* Have to take blood-thinning drugs

67
Q

What is health?

A

Health is the state of physical and mental wellbeing

68
Q

What is a non-communicable disease?

A

A disease which can not be transmitted from person to person e.g. cancer.

69
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

A disease caused by a pathogen which can be transmitted from one person to another eg. the flu.

70
Q

How can diet affect health?

A
  • Too little food / lack of nutrition - anaemia, vitamin deficiencies.
  • Too much food / too much unhealthy food - obesity, type 2 diabetes.
71
Q

How can stress affect health?

A

Prolonged stress is linked to a wide range of health problems including heart diseases, cancers and mental health issues.

72
Q

Give examples of how health problems can interact

A
  • Infection with certain viruses can lead to cancer eg. hepatitis infections can lead to liver cancer.
  • A compromised immune system (eg. due to cancer) can lead to a higher risk of infection with communicable diseases.
  • Immune reactions caused by a pathogen can trigger allergic reactions.
  • Problems with physical health can lead to mental health issues.
72
Q

How can life situations affect health?

A

Many life factors such as location, gender, financial status, ethnic group and healthcare provision can impact a person’s mental and physical health.

73
Q

What is a risk factor?

A

A risk factor is an aspect of a person’s lifestyle or a substance found in the body or the environment which can increase the risk of a disease.

74
Q

What is a causal mechanism?

A

A mechanism which demonstrates how one factor biologically influences another.

75
Q

How do diet, smoking and exercise affect the development of cardiovascular disease?

A
  • Diet: high levels of LDL cholesterol causes arteries to become blocked, increasing blood pressure and the risk of a heart attack.
  • Smoking: nicotine increases heart rate; other chemicals damage the artery lining and increase blood pressure.
  • Exercise: lowers blood pressure, reducing strain on the heart.
76
Q

How does obesity affect the development of type 2 diabetes?

A

Obesity is strongly linked with the onset of type 2 diabetes - a disease in which the body stops responding to insulin.

77
Q

How does smoking affect the development of lung disease and lung cancer?

A
  • Tar in tobacco can damage the alveoli of the lungs, leading to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
  • Tar also damages the cells which line the lungs, leading to lung cancer.
77
Q

How does alcohol affect liver and brain function?

A
  • Excessive long-term alcohol use may lead to liver cirrhosis (scarring of the liver).
  • Increases risk of liver cancer.
  • Damages brain tissue and nerve cells.
78
Q

How do smoking and alcohol affect unborn babies?

A
  • Carbon monoxide from tobacco smoke reduces the amount of oxygen the foetus receives, which can lead to premature birth or stillbirth.
  • Alcohol passes across the placenta and damages the developing foetus. Once born, the baby may have a number of deformities and health problems as part of foetal alcohol syndrome.
79
Q

How do carcinogens affect the development of cancer?

A

lonising radiation is a type of carcinogen which can cause mutations in DNA, potentially leading to cancer.

79
Q

What is cancer?

A

Cancer is the development of a tumour as a result of uncontrolled cell division.

80
Q

What is a benign tumour?

A
  • A tumour that is contained in one location, usually within a membrane.
  • They are not cancerous and do not invade other parts of the body.
  • Can grow large very quickly - may cause damage to another organ.
81
Q

What is a malignant tumour?

A
  • A tumour that can spread around the body via the blood and lymphatic system.
  • Can invade other tissues (metastasis).
  • Cells divide more rapidly and have a longer lifespan.
  • Disrupts healthy tissues and may lead to death.
82
Q

Give examples of factors which can lead to cancer

A
  • Genetics - certain genes increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancer
  • Smoking
  • Obesity
  • Ionising radiation - UV light and X-rays
  • Viral infections - HPV and cervical cancer
83
Q

How is epidermal tissue adapted for its function?

A

Epidermal tissue covers the entire plant. It has a waxy cuticle which helps reduce water loss from the leaf surface.

84
Q

How is spongy mesophyll tissue adapted for its function?

A

Spongy mesophyll tissue has lots of air spaces which allow gases (including oxygen and carbon dioxide) to diffuse in and out.

85
Q

How is palisade mesophyll tissue adapted for its function?

A

Palisade mesophyll tissue contains lots of chloroplasts which allows photosynthesis to progress at a rapid rate.

86
Q

How is the xylem adapted for its function?

A
  • Made up of dead cells which form a continuous hollow tube - allows the movement of water and mineral ions from the roots to the leaves.
  • Strengthened by lignin - makes the vessel strong and waterproof.
  • Has bordered pits - allow minerals to be transported to specific places.
87
Q

How is the phloem adapted for its function?

A
  • Made up of elongated living cells.
  • Cells have sieve plates that connect them together - cell sap can move through plates into other cells.
  • Sieve tube cells have few organelles to allow the efficient transport of substances.
88
Q

How is meristem tissue adapted for its function?

A

Made up of stem cells which can differentiate into many different cell types, allowing the plant to grow.

89
Q

What tissues does the leaf organ contain?

A
  • Epidermis
  • Palisade mesophyll
  • Spongy mesophyll
  • Xylem
  • Phloem
  • Guard cells
90
Q

What is the function of guard cells?

A

Guard cells control the opening and closing of the stomata, according to the water content of the plant.

91
Q

How are stomata adapted for their function?

A

Stomata allow the control of gaseous exchange and water loss from the leaf.

* More stomata on the base of the leaf - minimises water loss as this side is cooler and shaded.

* Have guard cells which control their opening and closing.
92
Q

How are root hair cells adapted for their function?

A

Root hair cells allow the uptake of water and mineral ions from the soil.

* Large surface area - maximises rate of absorption.

* Contain lots of mitochondria -- release energy for active transport of mineral ions.
93
Q

What is translocation?

A

Translocation is the movement of dissolved sugars from the leaves to other parts of the plant.

94
Q

What is transpiration?

A

Transpiration is the evaporation of water vapour from the surface of a plant.

95
Q

How does transpiration work?

A
  • Water evaporates from the leaf surface via the stomata.
  • Water molecules cohere together - more water is pulled up the xylem in an unbroken column.
  • More water is taken up from the soil - creating a continuous transpiration stream.
96
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of transpiration?

A

Increasing the temperature increases the rate of transpiration.

* Higher rate of evaporation and diffusion of water - therefore rate of transpiration is increased.
97
Q

How does humidity affect the rate of transpiration?

A

Increasing relative humidity decreases the rate of transpiration.

* High relative humidity wil reduce the water vapour concentration gradient. The rate of evaporation will decrease, and so will the rate of transpiration.
98
Q

How does wind speed affect the rate of transpiration?

A

Increasing wind speed/air movement increases the rate of transpiration.

* Increased air movement lowers water vapour concentration outside of the leaf. This increases the water vapour concentration gradient, thereby increasing the rate of evaporation and transpiration.
99
Q

How does light intensity affect the rate of transpiration?

A

Increasing the light intensity increases the rate of transpiration.

* The rate of photosynthesis increases, so more stomata open. This allows the rate of evaporation to increase, increasing the rate of transpiration.
100
Q

Amylase:

A

An enzyme produced in the salivary glands and pancreas that breaks carbohydrates down into simple sugars.

101
Q

Aorta:

A

The main artery that takes oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body.

102
Q

Artery:

A

A blood vessel that carries blood at high pressure away from the heart.

103
Q

Benign tumour:

A

An abnormal cell growth that is contained within one area and does not invade other areas of the body.

104
Q

Bile:

A

A substance made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder which is used to neutralise stomach acid in the intestine and emulsify fats.

105
Q

Blood:

A

A tissue containing red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma.

106
Q

Cancer:

A

A non-communicable disease caused by changes in the cell that lead to uncontrolled growth and division.

107
Q

Capillary:

A

A very thin blood vessel that is used for exchange of substances.

108
Q

Cell:

A

The basic building block of all living organisms.

109
Q

Communicable disease:

A

A disease that can be spread between individuals either directly or indirectly.

110
Q

Coronary heart disease:

A

A disease caused by the buildup of fatty deposits inside the coronary artery, narrowing it and reducing blood flow to the heart tissue.

111
Q

Health:

A

The state of physical and mental wellbeing.

111
Q

Enzymes:

A

​Biological catalysts that increase the rate of reactions in living organisms.

112
Q

Heart:

A

An organ that pumps blood around the body in a double circulatory system.

113
Q

Lock and key hypothesis:

A

A theory that describes how substrates must be the correct shape to fit the active site of an enzyme.

114
Q

Lipase:

A

An enzyme that is produced in the pancreas that breaks lipids down into fatty acids and glycerol.

115
Q

Malignant tumour:

A

A cancerous cell growth that invades neighbouring tissues and can spread to different parts of the body in the blood.

116
Q

Meristem tissue:

A

Plant tissues containing undifferentiated stem cells.

117
Q

Metabolism:

A

All of the chemical reactions occurring in an organism.

118
Q

Phloem:

A

A transport tissue found in plants which is specialised to transport sugars from source to sink.

118
Q

Non-communicable disease:

A

A disease which cannot be spread between individuals.

119
Q

Organs:

A

Aggregations of tissues performing specific functions.

120
Q

Organ systems:

A

​Groups of organs that work together to form organisms

121
Q

Palisade mesophyll:

A

​A tissue found in plant leaves that is specialised to carry out photosynthesis.

122
Q

Protease:​

A

An enzyme produced in the stomach and pancreas that breaks proteins down into amino acids.

123
Q

Pulmonary artery:

A

The main artery that takes deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs.

124
Q

Pulmonary vein:

A

​The main vein that takes oxygenated blood back to the heart from the lungs.

125
Q

Rate of reaction:

A

The speed at which reactants are converted into products.

125
Q

Risk factor:

A

Something that increases a person’s risk of developing a disease.

126
Q

Spongy mesophyll:

A

A tissue found in plant leaves that is specialised for gas exchange.

127
Q

Tissue:

A

A group of cells with a similar structure and function.

127
Q

Statins:

A

A class of drugs that are used to reduce blood cholesterol levels which slows down the rate of fatty material deposit.

128
Q

Stent:

A

A tube that can be surgically implanted into blood vessels to keep them open.

128
Q

Translocation:

A

The movement of food molecules through the phloem tissue.

129
Q

Transpiration:

A

The process of water evaporating from a plant.

130
Q

Vein:

A

A blood vessel that carries blood at a low pressure back to the heart.

131
Q

Vena cava:

A

The main vein that takes deoxygenated blood back to the heart from the body.

132
Q

Xylem:

A

A transport tissue in plants which is specialised to transport water and dissolved minerals from the roots of the plant to the leaves.

Biology AQA (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions