Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

bitheolaíocht > B2: organisation. > Flashcards

B2: organisation. Flashcards

1
Q

Give and describe the three types of tissue found in mammals.

A
  • Glandular: contracts in order to move
  • Glandular: makes and secretes chemicals.
  • Epithelial: covers parts of the body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Order these: organelle, organ system, organ, organism, cell, tissue.

A

Organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A tissue is a group of similar cells all working together to carry out a particular function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is an organ?

A

An organ is a group of different tissue that work together to perform a certain function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is an organ system?

A

An organ system is a group of organs working together to perform a certain function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define ‘catalyst’

A

A catalyst is a substance that increases the speed of a reaction without being changed or used up.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define ‘enzyme’

A

Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do enzymes work?

A

Every enzyme has an ‘active site’ with a unique shape that fits onto the substrate. They reduce the activation energy, allowing the reaction to happen faster.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why do most enzymes only catalyse one reaction?

A

For an enzyme to work, the correct substrate has to fit into the enzyme’s unique active site. If the substrate doesn’t match the enzyme’s active site, the reaction won’t be catalysed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Explain the ‘lock and key’ model of enzyme action.

A

An enzyme will only work on one substrate. Enzymes and substrates collide to form enzyme-substrate complexes. The substrates are broken down or built up, and the products are released: the enzyme is free to act again.
This theory is known as the ‘lock and key model’.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Explain the ‘induced fit’ model of enzyme action.

A

The active site is complementary to the substrate, and changes shape a little as the substrate binds to it to get a tighter fit.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the optimum temperature for most enzymes?

A

37°C.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe how a change in temperature/pH

A

Changing the conditions changes the rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction: At first, increasing the temperature will increase the rate of the reaction, but if it gets too hot, some of the bonds holding the enzyme together break , changing the shape of the active site, so the substrate won’t fit anymore. The enzyme is said to be denatured. The same thing happens if the pH is too high or low, too.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the optimum pH for most enzymes?

A

7.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the role of carbohydrases?

A

Carbohydrases break down carbohydrates into simple sugars.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the role of proteases?

A

Proteases break down proteins into amino acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the role of lipases?

A

Lipases convert lipids (fats) into glycerol and fatty acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where is amylase made?

A
  • Salivary glands
  • Pancreas
  • Small intestine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where is protease made?

A
  • Stomach
  • Pancreas
  • Small intestine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where is lipase made?

A
  • Pancreas
  • Small intestine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where is bile produced?

A

Bile is produced in the liver.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

Bile is stored in the gallbladder.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the role of bile?

A

Bile neutralises stomach acid and emulsifies fats.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Give a method for how a student could investigate the effect of pH on enzyme activity.

A
  • Place a drop of iodine into every well of a spotting tile.
  • Place a Bunsen burner on a heat-proof mat, with a tripod and gauze. Put a beaker of water with a thermometer in on top of the tripod, and heat the water until it is 35°C.
  • Use a syringe to add 1cm³ of amylase solution and 1cm³ of buffer solution with a pH of 5 into a boiling tube. Put the tube in the heated beaker of water and wait five minutes, keeping the temperature of the water constant.
  • With a different syringe, add 5cm³ of starch solution to the boiling tube, mix the contents, and start a stopwatch.
  • Use a pipette to take a fresh sample from the boiling tube every 30 seconds, and put a drop into a well. When the iodine remains browny-orange, the starch is no longer present.
  • Repeat the whole experiment with buffer solutions of different pHs, and control any control variables to make sure it is a fair test.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the role of the mouth in the digestive system? (2)

A
  • Produce amylase enzyme in the saliva
  • Mechanically digests & breaks down food through chewing.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the role of the stomach in the digestive system? (3)

A
  • Pummels the food with muscular walls
  • Produces pepsin (protease)
  • Produces hydrochloric acid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the role of the liver in the digestive system? (1)

A

Where bile is produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the role of the gallbladder in the digestive system? (1)

A

Where bile is stored

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the role of the pancreas in the digestive system? (1)

A
  • Where protease, amylase and lipase are produced.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the role of the large intestine in the digestive system? (2)

A
  • Where excess water is absorbed from food.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the role of the small intestine in the digestive system?

A
  • Produces protease, amylase, and lipase.
  • Where digested food is absorbed into the blood.
31
Q

What is the role of the rectum in the digestive system?

A
  • Where the faeces are stored before being excreted through the anus.
32
Q

What is the role of hydrochloric acid in digestion?

A
  • To kill bacteria
  • To provide the right pH for protease to work
33
Q

Which food test tests for sugars?

A

Benedict’s Test

34
Q

Which food test tests for starch?

A

Iodine solution

35
Q

Which food test tests for proteins?

A

Biuret test

36
Q

Which food test tests for lipids?

A

Sudan III

37
Q

How do you prepare a food sample to be tested?

A
  • Break it up using a pestle and mortar
  • Add some distilled water
  • Stir with a glass rod
  • Filter the solution using a funnel lined with filter paper
38
Q

What will you see if sugars is present in food when tested with Benedict’s test?

A

The solution will change from blue to green, yellow, or red, depending on how much sugar is in the food.

39
Q

What will you see if starch is present in food when tested with Iodine?

A

The solution will change from browny-orange to black or blue-black.

40
Q

What will you see if protein is present in food when tested with Biuret Test?

A

The solution will change from blue to purple.

41
Q

What will you see if lipids are present in food when tested with Sudan III?

A

The solution will separate into two layers, the top one will be bright red.

42
Q

Explain the role of alveoli

A

Alveoli carry out gas exchange in the body. The blood passing next to the alveoli has just returned to the lungs from the rest of the body, so it contains lots of carbon dioxide and very little oxygen. Oxygen that has been breathed in diffuses out of the alveoli and into the blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood and into the alveoli, to be breathed out. When the blood reaches body cells, the oxygen diffuses from the red blood cells and into the body cells, and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the body cells and into the blood to be taken to the lungs and breathed out.

43
Q

Why is it known as a double circulatory system?

A

It is called a double circulatory system because blood passes through the heart twice per circuit of the body.

44
Q

What is the role of valves?

A

Blood must flow one way only through the circulatory system. Valves in the heart, aorta and veins ensure this one-way flow: closure of a valve prevents back flow.

45
Q

Describe how the heart uses its four chambers to pump blood around the body.

A
  1. Blood flows into the atria through the pulmonary vein and vena cava.
  2. The atria contract, pushing blood into the ventricles.
  3. the ventricles contract, forcing blood into the pulmonary artery and the aorta, then out of the heart.
  4. Blood then flows to the organs in the rest of the body through arteries, and returns through veins.
  5. The atria fill again, and the cycle starts over.
46
Q

How is resting heart rate controlled?

A

Resting heart rate is controlled by a group of cells in the right atrium wall that act as a pacemaker. These cells produce a small electrical impulse which spreads to the surrounding muscle cells, causing them to contract.

47
Q

What is the function of the coronary arteries?

A

The heart also needs its own supply of oxygenated blood. The coronary arteries branch off from the aorta and surround the heart, supplying it with blood.

48
Q

Which chamber of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs?

A

The right atrium.

49
Q

Name and describe the three types of blood vessel.

A
  • Arteries: carry blood away from the heart
  • Capillaries: Involved in the exchange of materials at tissues.
  • Veins: carry blood to the heart
50
Q

How are arteries adapted to carry blood under pressure?

A
  • Artery walls are strong and elastic
  • Walls are thick with a small lumen.
51
Q

How are capillaries adapted to exchange substances?

A
  • Capillaries have walls that are one cell thick and permeable. This increases the rate of diffusion by decreasing the distance over which it occurs.
52
Q

How are veins adapted to their function?

A
  • Veins have a bigger lumen than arteries, to help the blood flow despite the lower pressure.
  • They also have valves to keep the blood flowing in the right direction.
53
Q

True or false: blood is a tissue.

A

True.

54
Q

List the four main components of blood.

A
  • Red blood cells
  • White blood cells
  • Platelets
  • Plasma
55
Q

What is the role of red blood cells?

A

To carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells.

56
Q

What is the role of white blood cells?

A

To defend against infection through phagocytosis.

57
Q

What is the role of platelets?

A

To help blood clot.

58
Q

What is the role of plasma?

A

Plasma transports substances, like carbon dioxide, urea, and hormones.

59
Q

What is meant by health?

A

Health is a state of mental and physical wellbeing.

60
Q

What is a tumour?

A

A tumour is a mass of cells caused by the uncontrolled growth and division of cells.

61
Q

What is a benign tumour?

A

A benign tumour is where the tumour grows until there’s no more room - usually within a membrane - rather than invading other tissues. It is not cancerous, and not dangerous.

62
Q

What is a malignant tumour?

A

This is where the tumour grows and spreads to neighbouring tissues. Cells can break off and spread to other parts of the body in the blood. They are dangerous and cancerous.

63
Q

Give three risk factors that can increase the chance of cancer.

A
  • Smoking
  • Obesity
  • UV exposure
64
Q

Give the role of epidermal tissue.

A

To cover & protect the whole plant.
Is covered with a waxy cuticle, which helps reduce water loss.

65
Q

Give the role of palisade mesophyll tissue.

A

Where most photosynthesis happens.
Has lots of chloroplasts, so they are at the top of the leaf and can receive lots of sunlight

66
Q

Give the role of spongy mesophyll tissue.

A

Part of the leaf that contains big air spaces to allow for gas diffusion.

67
Q

Give the role of xylem and phloem.

A

They transport water, mineral ions, and food around the plant.
Form a network of vascular bundles that strengthens the plant.

68
Q

Give the role of meristem tissue.

A

Found at the growing tips of shoots and roots and is able to differentiate into several kinds of plant tissue.

69
Q

What is the process of movement through phloem/xylem called?

A

Translocation

70
Q

What are xylem cells strengthened by?

A

Lignin.

71
Q

What is transpiration?

A

Transpiration is the loss of water from a plant, from evaporation from the leaves.

72
Q

What is transpiration rate affected by? (4)

A

Light intensity
Temperature
Air flow
Humidity

73
Q

Describe a method that a student could use to find the rate of water uptake of a plant.
(Draw the apparatus)

A
  • Fill a potometer with water, and cut a shoot from a plant. Make sure the cutting is done under water so that the xylem remain full.
  • Insert the plant into the potometer, and record the starting position of the bubble.
  • Start a stopwatch and record the distance that the bubble moves in one hour (for example).
74
Q

How are guard cells adapted to open and close stomata? (3)

A
  • When the plant has lots of water, the guard cells fill with it and become turgid. This opens the stomata, so gases can be exchanged for photosynthesis.
    When the plant is short of water, the guard cells lose water and become flaccid, which closes the stomata and prevents water vapour from escaping.
  • They are also sensitive to light, and close at night to prevent water loss when photosynthesis is not possible.
  • There are more stomata on the undersides of leaves than on the top: this is because the lower surface is shaded and cooler, so less water is lost than if they were on the upper side.

bitheolaíocht (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions