B2 - Organisation Flashcards
definition of cells
the basic building blocks that make up all living organisms
definition of tissue
a group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function
definition of organ
a group of different tissues that work together to perform a certain function
definition of organ system
a group of organs working together to perform a particular function
definition of organism
organ systems that work together to make an entire living being
basic definition of enzymes
biological catalysts
name the organs and their function within the digestive system (not in order)
MOUTH- mechanically breaks down food and mixes it with saliva
SALIVARY GLAND- produces saliva and enzyme amylase
OESOPHAGUS- transports food through to stomach
STOMACH- churns the food and mixes it with hydrochloric acid an produces protease enzyme (pepsin)
SMALL INTESTINE- continues to digest food and absorbs the small soluble molecules
LARGE INTESTINE- where water is absorbed
RECTUM - faeces is stored
ANUS - excretion of faeces
PANCREAS - produces all 3 digestive enzymes (protease, amylase and lipase)
LIVER- produces bile (speeds up enzyme action)
GALL BLADER- stores bile until it gets released into small intestine
what are 3 adaptations the small intestine has
- very large surface area and it has villi which has microvilli - so there will be more efficient absorption of fatty acids & glycerol into the bloodstream
- capillary - good blood supply as there’s loads of capillaries in the villi - efficient and fast resulting in a well-functioning metabolism
- short diffusion distance -food molecules don’t need to travel far which means faster rate of diffusion - this is to keep a good concentration gradient
What is meant by concentration gradient
The gradient distance in concentration of a dissolved substance between a region of high density and low density
What do enzyme do
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up the rat of reactions in living organisms. they are a special type of protein.
explain what the folding of amino acids mean for enzymes
enzymes are a protein and proteins are made from chain of amino acids. the folding of the amino acid chain is what gives the enzyme’s active site it’s shape.
What is the lock & key theory
different enzymes have different active site shapes and only a specific subtrate can fit in a specific enzyme’s active site and not a different enzyme’s.
enzyme + subtrate = catalyses the reaction
(enzyme bonded subtrate) is broken down into smaller molecules like glucose
What is meant by metabolism
the sum of all the reactions happening inside an organism
Which 2 factors affect enzymes
- pH
- temperature
what is the optimum pH for protease enzymes
3
what is the optimum temperature for enzymes in the body
37.5 degrees
What does denatured mean
when the shape of an enzyme’s active site has been changed
(between the shape of the amino acids are weak forces that hold the shape of it together but can be broken by too high or low temperatures of pH
2 things that bile does
- enzymes produced in pancreas & mall intestine work best in ALKALINE conditions but when food comes from the stomach into the small intestine it can take some of the stomach’s hydrochloric ACID goes with it. BILE IS AN ALKALINE LIQUID which means it NEUTRALISES any hydrochloric acid that comes from stomach. this maintains the right alkaline conditions needed for the enzymes in the small intestine to work properly
- bile EMULSIFIES fats to form smaller droplets - increasing surface area for enzymes to act on which then increases the rate of reaction (this doesn’t make bile an enzyme)
What does Amylase break down and what are its products
- breaks down starch & carbohydrates
- its product is maltose and glucose
