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Bio P1 ( C ) > B2 - Organisation > Flashcards

B2 - Organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

What do the TEETH do and What does the SALIVA contain ?

A

Break down food Mechanically.

Saliva contains Amylase

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2
Q

STOMACH

A

Contains Hydrochloric Acid and Enzymes that break food down Chemically.

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3
Q

What does the LIVER produce ?

A
  • The Liver Produces Bile
  • Bile is stored in the Gall Bladder before going to the small intestine.
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4
Q

What does BILE do ?

A

Emulsifies Lipids to form Droplets, Increasing their Surface Area

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5
Q

What does the PANCREAS do ?

A
  • Secretes Amylase
  • Amylase breaks down Starch into Glucose in the Small Intestine.
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6
Q

What is WATER ABSORBED into ?

A

Into the Bloodstream in the Large Intestine.

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7
Q

Where are NUTRIENTS ABSORBED ?

A
  • Nutrients are Absorbed into the Bloodstream by the Villi in the Small Intestine.

eg. Glucose

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8
Q

What are ENZYMES ?

A
  • Enzymes are Special Proteins that act as Biological Catalysts
  • Enzymes often break down molecules into shorter ones.
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9
Q

AMYLASE BREAKS DOWN…

A

Starch into Glucose

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10
Q

What do CARBOHYDRATES BREAK DOWN into ?

A

Break down into simple sugars.

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11
Q

What do PROTEASES BREAK DOWN ?

A

Break down Protein into amino acids.

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12
Q

What do LIPASES do?

A

Break down Lipids into Glycerol and Fatty Acids.

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13
Q

ENZYMES are SPECIFIC so they ONLY BREAK DOWN…

A

Substrates that fit their Active Site.

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14
Q

What does ENZYME ACTIVITY increase with ?

A
  • Increases with Temperature until the Enzyme Denatures.
    AND
  • The same is true if pH is too High or Low.
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15
Q

OPTIMUM IS…

A

The Condition for Max Rate/Activity.

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16
Q

ENZYME PRACTICAL - INDEPENDENT/DEPENDENT VARIABLE and CONTROLS

A

Independent Variable : Temperature or pH

Dependent Variable :
Time for Substrate to be Broken Down

Controls :
Volumes of Reactants

Temperature if changing pH

pH if changing Temperature

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17
Q

ENZYME PRACTICAL

A
  1. Measure out the Enzyme and Substrate.
  2. Place separately in a Water Bath, along with Buffer Solution ( If changing the pH )
  3. Prepare a Spotting Tile with Iodine Drops
  4. Mix the Reactants together and start a Timer.
  5. Every 10 seconds, remove a Drop of the Mixture and put in a Dimple of Iodine.
  6. If it changes Colour = Starch still Present.
  7. Once all the Starch is Broken Down, it will no longer change Colour
  8. Repeat for different Temperatures/pH Buffer Solutions.
  9. Plot these times against Temperature/pH and draw a LOBF.
    Optimum Condition lies between the Two Lowest Points.
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18
Q

ENZYME PRACTICAL - CONTROLS

A

Volumes of Reactants

Temperature if changing pH

pH if changing Temperature

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19
Q

What does the STARCH FOOD TEST do ?

A

Turns Iodine’s Solution from Orange to Black

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20
Q

What does the SUGARS FOOD TEST do ?

A

Turns Benedict’s Solution from Blue to Orange

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21
Q

What does the PROTEIN FOOD TEST do ?

A

Turns Biuret’s Reagent from Blue to Purple

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22
Q

What does the LIPIDS ( FATS ) FOOD TEST do ?

A

Turns Cold Ethanol Cloudy

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23
Q

What do ALVEOLI (AIR SACS) HAVE and What does it ALLOW ?

A

A Large Surface Area

To allow Gas Exchange to occur at a fast rate

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24
Q

Where does OXYGEN DIFFUSE into and What does it BIND to ?

A
  • INTO the Bloodstream
  • Oxygen then Binds to the Haemoglobin in Red Blood Cells to be transported
25
Q

What is the DOUBLE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM ?

A

Blood enters Heart twice every time it is pumped round body

26
Q

Where does DEOXYGENATED BLOOD ENTER the HEART ?

A

Through the Vena Cava and into the Right Atrium

27
Q

What does the VALVE between the RIGHT ATRIUM and the RIGHT VENTRICLE do ?

A

Stops Backflow to Stop Deoxygenated Blood from going back into the Body

28
Q

Where does DEOXYGENATED BLOOD go to AFTER the HEART MUSCLES CONTRACT ?

A

Through the Pulmonary Artery to the Lungs to be Oxygenated

29
Q

Where does the now OXYGENATED BLOOD come back from ?

A

The Lungs to the Heart through the Pulmonary Vein into the Left Atrium

30
Q

Where does the OXYGENATED BLOOD go AFTER it comes back ?

A

OXYGENATED BLOOD goes into the Left Ventricle then out to the Body through the Aorta.

31
Q

Why does the LEFT SIDE of THE HEART have THICKER WALLS ?

A

due to Higher Pressure needed to Pump Blood to the Body.

32
Q

What are PACEMAKER CELLS and where are they FOUND ?

A

A group of Cells near the Right Atrium which create an Electrical Pulse that causes the Heart to Contract.

33
Q

What do ARTERIES do and What do they have ?

A
  • Carries Blood away from the Heart.
  • Thick Walls and Thin Lumen to withstand High Pressure
34
Q

What do VEINS do and what do they HAVE ?

A
  • Carry Blood back to the Heart.
  • They have Thin Walls and Wide Lumen.
  • They have Valves to prevent Backflow (Can be Artificially Replaced)
35
Q

What are CAPILLARIES and what do they ALLOW ?

A
  • Capillaries are One Cell Thick Walls
  • Capillaries allow Fast Diffusion between Blood and Cells
36
Q

What is CORONARY HEART DISEASE
( CHD ) ?

A

When the Artery supplying Blood to the Heart becomes Blocked.

37
Q

What is CARDIO VASCULAR DISEASE ( CVD ) and what does it do ?

A

Fat building up in Arteries which Restricts Blood flow.

38
Q

What are STENTS Inserted for ?

A

Stents are Inserted to Open up the Vessel.

eg. Can be used to Combat CVD

39
Q

What are STATINS ?

A

Drugs that Reduce Cholesterol which Reduces Fatty Deposits.

eg. Can be used to Combat CVD

40
Q

What is a COMMUNICABLE DISEASE ?

A

Caused by a pathogen

eg. Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, and Protists

41
Q

What is a NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE caused from ?

A

Cause comes from Inside the Body

eg. Cancer

42
Q

Examples of NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES and their CAUSES

A

Diabetes : Obesity and Poor Diet

CVD/CHD :
Diet, Smoking and Lack of Exercise

Liver Disease : Alcohol

Lung Disease/Cancer : Smoking

43
Q

What is CANCER ?

A
  • An Auto-Immune Condition
  • Which results from Genetic Mutation Causing Cells to Multiply Uncontrollably (Tumour).
44
Q

What does a CARCINOGEN do ?

A

Increases the Risk of Developing Cancer.

45
Q

Features of a BEGNIN CANCER

A

They Do not spread through the Body
AND
Are Relatively Easy to Treat

46
Q

MALIGNANT CANCERS

A

Spread through the Body much worse

47
Q

What processes occur in LEAVES ?

A

Photosynthesis and Gas Exchange takes place and Where Water evaporates out from

48
Q

What does the XYLEM consist of and what does it do ?
- Transpiration Rates INCREASE with … ?

A

Consists of Continuous tubes that Carry Water and Dissolved Mineral Ions UPWARDS

Transpiration Rate ( UNIDIRECTIONAL ) Increases with :
Increased Air Movement
Increased Temperature
Decreased Humidity

49
Q

What ENTERS ROOTS and through what PROCESS ?

A

Water - enters through Osmosis

Mineral Ions - enter by Active Transport

50
Q

What does the FLOWER consist of ?

A

Reproductive Organs

51
Q

What is PRODUCED at the MERISTEM ?

A

Stem Cells are Produced here

52
Q

What is the PHLOEM ?

A

Tubes of Cells that Carry Sugars and other Nutrients to where needed
eg. Sucrose

Translocation - Bidirectional

53
Q

What feature does the WAXY CUTICLE have and what does it do ?

A
  • It has a WAXY OUTER LAYER to trap water
  • It is Waterproof to Stop Water loss from Top of the Leaf
54
Q

The UPPER EPIDERMIS is…

A

Transparent to let Light Through

55
Q

What does the PALISADE MESOPHYLL have a lot of and what TAKES PLACE here ?

A

Lots of Chloroplasts

Photosynthesis takes place here

56
Q

SPONGY MESOPHYLL has…

A

Gaps to Facilitate Gas Exchange ( Large Surface Area )

57
Q

VEIN/VASCULAR BUNDLE

A

Include the Xylem and Phloem

58
Q

Where is the LOWER EPIDERMIS found and what does it CONTAIN ?

A

Bottom of the Leaf

Contains Stomata to allow Gases In and Out.

59
Q

What do GUARD CELLS do ?

A

Change Size to Control the Rate of Gases going In and Out through the Stomata

Found in Lower Epidermis

Bio P1 ( C ) (4 decks)

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