B2 - Organisation Flashcards
What do the TEETH do and What does the SALIVA contain ?
Break down food Mechanically.
Saliva contains Amylase
STOMACH
Contains Hydrochloric Acid and Enzymes that break food down Chemically.
What does the LIVER produce ?
- The Liver Produces Bile
- Bile is stored in the Gall Bladder before going to the small intestine.
What does BILE do ?
Emulsifies Lipids to form Droplets, Increasing their Surface Area
What does the PANCREAS do ?
- Secretes Amylase
- Amylase breaks down Starch into Glucose in the Small Intestine.
What is WATER ABSORBED into ?
Into the Bloodstream in the Large Intestine.
Where are NUTRIENTS ABSORBED ?
- Nutrients are Absorbed into the Bloodstream by the Villi in the Small Intestine.
eg. Glucose
What are ENZYMES ?
- Enzymes are Special Proteins that act as Biological Catalysts
- Enzymes often break down molecules into shorter ones.
AMYLASE BREAKS DOWN…
Starch into Glucose
What do CARBOHYDRATES BREAK DOWN into ?
Break down into simple sugars.
What do PROTEASES BREAK DOWN ?
Break down Protein into amino acids.
What do LIPASES do?
Break down Lipids into Glycerol and Fatty Acids.
ENZYMES are SPECIFIC so they ONLY BREAK DOWN…
Substrates that fit their Active Site.
What does ENZYME ACTIVITY increase with ?
- Increases with Temperature until the Enzyme Denatures.
AND - The same is true if pH is too High or Low.
OPTIMUM IS…
The Condition for Max Rate/Activity.
ENZYME PRACTICAL - INDEPENDENT/DEPENDENT VARIABLE and CONTROLS
Independent Variable : Temperature or pH
Dependent Variable :
Time for Substrate to be Broken Down
Controls :
Volumes of Reactants
Temperature if changing pH
pH if changing Temperature
ENZYME PRACTICAL
- Measure out the Enzyme and Substrate.
- Place separately in a Water Bath, along with Buffer Solution ( If changing the pH )
- Prepare a Spotting Tile with Iodine Drops
- Mix the Reactants together and start a Timer.
- Every 10 seconds, remove a Drop of the Mixture and put in a Dimple of Iodine.
- If it changes Colour = Starch still Present.
- Once all the Starch is Broken Down, it will no longer change Colour
- Repeat for different Temperatures/pH Buffer Solutions.
- Plot these times against Temperature/pH and draw a LOBF.
Optimum Condition lies between the Two Lowest Points.
ENZYME PRACTICAL - CONTROLS
Volumes of Reactants
Temperature if changing pH
pH if changing Temperature
What does the STARCH FOOD TEST do ?
Turns Iodine’s Solution from Orange to Black
What does the SUGARS FOOD TEST do ?
Turns Benedict’s Solution from Blue to Orange
What does the PROTEIN FOOD TEST do ?
Turns Biuret’s Reagent from Blue to Purple
What does the LIPIDS ( FATS ) FOOD TEST do ?
Turns Cold Ethanol Cloudy
What do ALVEOLI (AIR SACS) HAVE and What does it ALLOW ?
A Large Surface Area
To allow Gas Exchange to occur at a fast rate
Where does OXYGEN DIFFUSE into and What does it BIND to ?
- INTO the Bloodstream
- Oxygen then Binds to the Haemoglobin in Red Blood Cells to be transported
What is the DOUBLE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM ?
Blood enters Heart twice every time it is pumped round body
Where does DEOXYGENATED BLOOD ENTER the HEART ?
Through the Vena Cava and into the Right Atrium
What does the VALVE between the RIGHT ATRIUM and the RIGHT VENTRICLE do ?
Stops Backflow to Stop Deoxygenated Blood from going back into the Body
Where does DEOXYGENATED BLOOD go to AFTER the HEART MUSCLES CONTRACT ?
Through the Pulmonary Artery to the Lungs to be Oxygenated
Where does the now OXYGENATED BLOOD come back from ?
The Lungs to the Heart through the Pulmonary Vein into the Left Atrium
Where does the OXYGENATED BLOOD go AFTER it comes back ?
OXYGENATED BLOOD goes into the Left Ventricle then out to the Body through the Aorta.
Why does the LEFT SIDE of THE HEART have THICKER WALLS ?
due to Higher Pressure needed to Pump Blood to the Body.
What are PACEMAKER CELLS and where are they FOUND ?
A group of Cells near the Right Atrium which create an Electrical Pulse that causes the Heart to Contract.
What do ARTERIES do and What do they have ?
- Carries Blood away from the Heart.
- Thick Walls and Thin Lumen to withstand High Pressure
What do VEINS do and what do they HAVE ?
- Carry Blood back to the Heart.
- They have Thin Walls and Wide Lumen.
- They have Valves to prevent Backflow (Can be Artificially Replaced)
What are CAPILLARIES and what do they ALLOW ?
- Capillaries are One Cell Thick Walls
- Capillaries allow Fast Diffusion between Blood and Cells
What is CORONARY HEART DISEASE
( CHD ) ?
When the Artery supplying Blood to the Heart becomes Blocked.
What is CARDIO VASCULAR DISEASE ( CVD ) and what does it do ?
Fat building up in Arteries which Restricts Blood flow.
What are STENTS Inserted for ?
Stents are Inserted to Open up the Vessel.
eg. Can be used to Combat CVD
What are STATINS ?
Drugs that Reduce Cholesterol which Reduces Fatty Deposits.
eg. Can be used to Combat CVD
What is a COMMUNICABLE DISEASE ?
Caused by a pathogen
eg. Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, and Protists
What is a NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE caused from ?
Cause comes from Inside the Body
eg. Cancer
Examples of NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES and their CAUSES
Diabetes : Obesity and Poor Diet
CVD/CHD :
Diet, Smoking and Lack of Exercise
Liver Disease : Alcohol
Lung Disease/Cancer : Smoking
What is CANCER ?
- An Auto-Immune Condition
- Which results from Genetic Mutation Causing Cells to Multiply Uncontrollably (Tumour).
What does a CARCINOGEN do ?
Increases the Risk of Developing Cancer.
Features of a BEGNIN CANCER
They Do not spread through the Body
AND
Are Relatively Easy to Treat
MALIGNANT CANCERS
Spread through the Body much worse
What processes occur in LEAVES ?
Photosynthesis and Gas Exchange takes place and Where Water evaporates out from
What does the XYLEM consist of and what does it do ?
- Transpiration Rates INCREASE with … ?
Consists of Continuous tubes that Carry Water and Dissolved Mineral Ions UPWARDS
Transpiration Rate ( UNIDIRECTIONAL ) Increases with :
Increased Air Movement
Increased Temperature
Decreased Humidity
What ENTERS ROOTS and through what PROCESS ?
Water - enters through Osmosis
Mineral Ions - enter by Active Transport
What does the FLOWER consist of ?
Reproductive Organs
What is PRODUCED at the MERISTEM ?
Stem Cells are Produced here
What is the PHLOEM ?
Tubes of Cells that Carry Sugars and other Nutrients to where needed
eg. Sucrose
Translocation - Bidirectional
What feature does the WAXY CUTICLE have and what does it do ?
- It has a WAXY OUTER LAYER to trap water
- It is Waterproof to Stop Water loss from Top of the Leaf
The UPPER EPIDERMIS is…
Transparent to let Light Through
What does the PALISADE MESOPHYLL have a lot of and what TAKES PLACE here ?
Lots of Chloroplasts
Photosynthesis takes place here
SPONGY MESOPHYLL has…
Gaps to Facilitate Gas Exchange ( Large Surface Area )
VEIN/VASCULAR BUNDLE
Include the Xylem and Phloem
Where is the LOWER EPIDERMIS found and what does it CONTAIN ?
Bottom of the Leaf
Contains Stomata to allow Gases In and Out.
What do GUARD CELLS do ?
Change Size to Control the Rate of Gases going In and Out through the Stomata
Found in Lower Epidermis
