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biology hit hard > B2 - Organisation > Flashcards

B2 - Organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

What 2 words describes an enzyme?

A

Biological Catalysts.

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2
Q

Function of an enzyme?

A

Reduce the need of pH or high temperatures for a reaction

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3
Q

What are enzymes made up of?

A

Proteins -> Amino Acids + Unique Shapes

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4
Q

Where is Des Moines?

A

Iowa, USA.

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5
Q

What site does every enzyme have and how are they unique?

A

Every enzyme has an ACTIVE SITE, where only a unique SUBSTRATE can fit.

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6
Q

What is the Lock and Key theory?

A

Substrate latches onto Enzymes Active site, then the enzyme catalyses the reaction, breaking down the substrate into products.

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7
Q

What are the optimum conditions for Catalysation?

A

37C,
pH - 7 usually.

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8
Q

What happens if an Enzyme gets too hot or cold?

A

Hot - Denatures, makes bonds in enzyme break.
Cold - Rate of reaction within enzyme slows.

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9
Q

What enzyme has a pH of 2 to break down protein in the stomach?

A

Pepsin.

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10
Q

What enzyme catalyses the breakdown of starch to maltose?

A

Amylase.

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11
Q

What is the IV in the practical “Investigating Enzyme Reactions”?

A

pH and how it affects amylase.

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12
Q

Describe needed for the practical ‘Investigating Enzyme Reactions’.

A

Spotting Tiles
Bunsen Burner
Gauze
Tripod
Heatproof Mat
Thermometer
Syringe
Amylase Solution
Stopwatch

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13
Q

GIVE ALL STEPS FOR THE PRACTICAL ‘INVESTIGATING ENZYME REACTIONS’

A
  1. Place a drop of iodine solution in every spotting tile
  2. Place a Bunsen burner on a heatproof mat, and a tripod and gauze over it. Put a beaker of water on top until it’s 35C, and use a thermometer.
  3. Using a syringe, add 1cm³ of amylase solution, and 1cm³ of buffer solution, ( WITH A PH OF 7) to the boiling tube. Put the test tube into the beaker and wait for 5 mins.
  4. Use different syringe to add 5cm³ of starch solution.
  5. Mix the contents of the boiling cube and start a stopwatch,
  6. Use continuous sampling, taking a drop of the mixture every 30 seconds into spotting tiles.
  7. Repeat and control variables, with different pH values.
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14
Q

What’s the equation for the Rate of Reaction and its unit?

A

RATE = 1000 / TIME

Units = S (^-1)

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15
Q

When was the Easter Rising?

A

April 16-27 1916, Dublin, Ireland.

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16
Q

Why do enzymes even break substrates down?

A

As most of them are too big to pass through the digestive system and into the blood.

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17
Q

Where is Amylase produced?

A

Salivary Glands
Pancreas
Small Intestine

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18
Q

What enzyme catalyses the breakdown of protein to amino acids?

A

Protease

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19
Q

Where is Protease produced?

A

Stomach {PEPSIN}
Pancreas
Small Intestine

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20
Q

What enzyme catalyses the breakdown of lipids to glycerol and fatty acids?

A

Lipases

21
Q

Where is Lipase produced?

A

Pancreas
Small Intestine

22
Q

What is the purpose of Bile?

A

To emulsify fat, turning it into smaller droplets with smaller surface areas, increasing digestion rates.
Neutralises stomach acid, making conditions alkaline

23
Q

Where is Bile produced?

A

Liver
Stored in Galbladder
Released into small Intestine

poo,

24
Q

What is the function of the Small Intestine?

A

To absorb food out of the digestive system and into blood.

25
Q

GIVE ALL STEPS FOR THE PRACTICAL ‘FOOD TESTS’

A
  1. Get a piece of food and break it using a pestle and mortar.
  2. Transfer the food to a beaker and add distilled water.
  3. Give the mixture a good stir, with glass rod to dissolve the food.
  4. Filter the solution with a filter funnel to get rid of solid bits.
26
Q

Describe the Benedict’s Test.

A

Tests for sugars, only the ‘REDUCING’ kind.

  1. Prepare a food sample, and add 5cm³ to a test tube.
  2. Prepare a water bath, and set it to 75C.
  3. Add 10 drops of Benedict’s solution using a pipette.
  4. Place the test tube in the water bath using a test tube holder, and leave it for 5 minutes.
  5. During this, record which colour it is.
    BLUE-GREEN IS NORMAL, THE MORE RED THE MORE SUGAR!
27
Q

Describe the Iodine Test.

A

Tests for Starch.

  1. Prepare a food sample, and add 5cm³ to a test tube.
  2. Add drops of iodine solution and gently shake the tube.

STARCH = BLACK
NO STARCH = ORANGE.

28
Q

Describe the Biuret Test.

A

Tests for Proteins.

  1. Prepare a food sample, and add 5cm³ to a test tube.
  2. Add 5cm³ of Biurets solution and mix the contents of the tube.

PROTEIN = PURPLE
NO PROTEIN = SAME COLOUR.

29
Q

Describe the Sudan III Stain Solution Test. (SUDAN SUDAN SUDAN)

A

Tests for Lipids.

  1. Prepare a food sample, and add 5cm³ to a test tube.
  2. Add 3 drops of Sudan III using a pipette into the tube and shake it.
  3. Since its a stain solution it separates into 2 layers.
    LIPIDS = TOP LAYER RED
    NO LIPIDS = NOTHING OCCURS.
30
Q

What kind of system is the blood?

A

Double Circulatory System

31
Q

Which ventricle pumps de-oxygenated blood to the lungs?

A

Right Ventricle

32
Q

What does the Left Ventricle pump?

A

Oxygenated blood

33
Q

Where does the de-oxygenated blood exit?

A

Pulmonary Artery to the lungs.

34
Q

Where does the de-oxygenated blood arrive from?

A

Vena cava, from the rest of the body.

35
Q

What is the function of a valve?

A

To prevent backflow of blood in the heart.

36
Q

Where does the oxygenated blood exit?

A

Aortic Artery (AORTA) to the rest of the body.

37
Q

Which arteries supply the heart with blood?

A

Carotid Arteries

38
Q

Where does the oxygenated blood arrive from?

A

Pulmonary vein, from the lungs.

39
Q

Why is the heart suitable for contracting?

A

As it has a lot of muscle tissue so it can contract easily.

40
Q

What does a Pacemaker do?

A

Gives the heart electricity to pump.

41
Q

How many main types of blood vessels are there?

A

3 :
Capillaries
Arteries
Veins

42
Q

What is an arteries function and why is it adapted to such?

A

An arteries function is to carry blood away from the heart.

It does so by pumping out blood at high pressure, as the walls are strong and have elastic fibres and smooth muscle.

The walls of fibres and thick smooth muscle allow it to stretch and spring back, but give the artery a small lumen.

43
Q

What is a veins function and why is it adapted to such?

A

A veins function is to carry blood towards the heart.

It does so as capillaries are joined to form veins, and the walls aren’t thick, but still have elastic fibres, allowing for a lower pressure.

This in turn gives it a larger lumen, which helps the blood flow against gravity.

Furthermore, they contain valves to keep the blood flow constant and correct.

44
Q

What is a capillaries function and why is it adapted to such?

A

A capillaries function is to deliver oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.

Capillaries are very thin, which allows for easy gas exchange from oxygen in the lungs into them, and allow for carbon dioxide to leave the capillaries easily.

Furthermore, they are plentiful, allowing for the supply of millions, which in turn allows for a lot of oxygen to be taken in from the lungs.

45
Q

What is the equation for the rate of blood flow?

A

Rate of Blood Flow =

Volume of blood / No. of Mins

46
Q

What celestial body is Australia bigger than?

A

Mercury/Moon/Pluto

47
Q

What are the 4 different types of cells/stuff found in blood?

A

White Blood Cells
Red Blood Cells
Platelets
Plasma

48
Q
A

biology hit hard (2 decks)

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