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Biology > B2 - cell structure & organelles > Flashcards

B2 - cell structure & organelles Flashcards

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1
Q

Nucleus

A
  • has nuclear envelope (double membrane)
  • nuclear pores for mRNA to leave through
  • houses cell’s genetic material & controls metabolic material
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2
Q

Nucleolus

A
  • In nucleus
  • Made of proteins & mRNA
  • produces ribosomes
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3
Q

Plasma membrane

A
  • phospholipid bilayer
  • controls exchange between cell & environment
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4
Q

Mitochondria

A

double membrane
cristae = structure
matrix = fluid
aerobic respiration site, stores energy for cell through ATP production.

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5
Q

centriole

A
  • 9 x microtubule triplets
  • organise spindle fibres during cell division
  • found in flagella and cillia
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6
Q

lysosome

A
  • no internal structure
  • has digestive enzymes = breakdown old tissue & foreign material
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7
Q

golgi

A
  • flattened sacs of cisternae
  • Add carbs or lipids to protein
  • package into vesicles & modify proteins (secretory vesicle leaves cell or lysosome stays in cell)
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8
Q

ribosome

A
  • made of RNA
  • small & large subunit
  • carries out protein synthesis
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9
Q

RER

A
  • bound to ribosomes
  • synthesise & transport proteins
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10
Q

SER

A
  • no ribosomes
  • lipid & carbohydrate synthesis
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11
Q

cilia

A
  • parallel microtubules slide over each other = beats & creates a current
  • moves fluids adjacent to the cell e.g. moves mucous in the lungs
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12
Q

chloroplast

A
  • chloroplast envelope (double membrane)
  • carry out photosynthesis
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13
Q

What are the steps of protein production? (6)

A

1) protein instruction in DNA
- instruction for hormone = gene = length of DNA on a chromosome
- nucleus makes copy of instruction, called mRNA
2) mRNA leaves through nuclear pore
3) mRNA attach to small subunit of ribosome on the RER, which reads instruction & assembles protein
4) Pinches of RER & transported in a vesicle along microtubule tracks to the golgi
5) golgi fuses with vesicle, then packages & modifies protein
6) moved to cell membrane in vesicle & secreted outside cell.

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14
Q

What are the main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? (3)

A

Prokaryotic:
- Bacteria
- DNA not enclosed in a nucleus
- no membrane-bound organelles
- always unicellular
- smaller ribosomes 70S

Eukaryotic:
- animal & plant cells
- ‘true nucleus’
- membrane-bound organelles
- uni & multicellular
- larger ribosomes 80S for more complex protein formations

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15
Q

What structures would you expect to find in a prokaryotic cell? (5)

A
  • circular chromosome free in cytoplasm
  • capsule (protection)
  • peptidoglycan cell wall
  • mesosome (same role as mitochondria), invaginated/in-folding
  • plasmid (small extrachromosomal DNA molecule/extra info that produces enzymes)
  • flagella
  • ribosomes
  • plasma membrane
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16
Q

What structures are in a plant cell that aren’t in an animal cell? (3)

A
  • chloroplasts
  • large permanent vacuole (push contents against cell wall to maintain rigid framework)
  • cellulose cell wall
17
Q

What is the difference between chromosomes in eukaryotic & prokaryotic cells?

A

eukaryotic:
- linear
- DNA wrapped around histones to form chromatin, which condenses into chromosomes

prokaryotic:
- circular
- no histones/chromatin

18
Q

What structure are found in animal cells that aren’t in plant cells?

A
  • centrioles
  • lysosomes
19
Q

what are the three main fibres of the cytoskeleton?

A

microfilaments/ actin filaments
microtubules
intermediate filaments

20
Q

what is the role of microtubules? (3)

A
  • Important structural role: help cell resist compression forces
  • grow and shrink by adding & removing tubule proteins.
  • use energy from ATP to move.
  • have locomotives that run along microtubular tracks. Motor proteins = KINESIN (moves vesicle to cell’s periphery) & DYEIN (moves to interior)

DIKP

21
Q

What is the structure of microtubules? (2)

A
  • made of tubulin proteins
  • hollow tube arrangement
  • alpha & beta tubulin
22
Q

What is the role of intermediate filaments? (2)

A
  • more permanent, structural role
  • give mechanical strength to cell to maintain shape
23
Q

What is the structure of intermediate filaments?

A
  • made of multiple proteins woven together
  • e.g. keratin (fibrous protein in hair & nails)
24
Q

What is the role of microfilaments/ actin filaments?

A
  • responsible for cell movement & contraction during CYTOKINESIS
  • contractile protein
25
Q

What is the structure of actin/microfilaments?

A
  • linked monomers of actin
  • 2 strands twisted into a rope structure.
26
Q

What are centrioles?

A
  • come in pairs called a centrosome
  • act as origin for microtubules to extend into cilia or flagella
  • organise spindle apparatus for chromosomes to move on during cell division.
27
Q

How is prokaryotic flagella different to eukaryotic flagella?

A
  • thinner
  • no 9+2 arrangement
28
Q

How do cilia and flagella create movement?

A
  • parallel pairs of microtubules slide over each other in a beating motion

Biology (20 decks)

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