B2 Flashcards
what are the symptoms of bacteria caused by?
release of poisons or toxins by the bacteria
what are the symptoms of viruses caused by?
damaged to the cells as the virus reproduce
what is binary fission?
.a type of asexual reproduction
.tepr9duce by dividing into 2
what is exponential growth?
when bacteria reproduces rapidly
what does a virus need to reproduce?
‘host’ cell
what are some different types of antibody?
.destroy the invading microorganism
.enable white blood cells to recognise the microorganism as being foreign
.cause the microorganism to clump together, meaning it is easier to engulf white blood cells
when does an epidemic occur?
if a desise spreads rapidly through a population , for example in a city or countrey
what is antimicrobials?
are a group of substances that are used to kill microorganisms or inhibit (slow) their growth
they are effective against bacteria, viruses and fungi
what are antibiotics?
a type of antimicrobial which are effective against bacteria such as tuberculosis
what are antimicrobials?
chemicals that prevent the growth of microorganisms, so provide protection against desise
what are superbugs?
resistant microorganisms
what bacteria has spread through out hospitals dues to antibiotic resistance?
MRSA
what is an open label trial?
both patients and researchers know which drug the patient is reciveing
why do some trials investigate drugs over a long period of time?
.side effects may appear or increase over time
.the drug may become less effective
what makes up the circulatory system?
heart
blood vessels
blood
what are the three types of blood vessels?
arteries , capillaries , veins
what do arteries do and what is there structure?
.AWAY from the heart under HIGH pressure
.THICK walls
what do capillaries do and what is there structure?
.links arteries to veins
.walls are one cell thick
what do veins do and what is there structure?
.collect blood and return it to the heart (TOWARDS)
.walls contain elastic muscular tissues
.under LOW pressure
what runs over the surface of the heart?
coronary arteries
how is coronary heart disease caused?
.by the build up of fatty substances in the arteries
how is heart rate measured?
.recording the pulse rate
what does blood pressure record?
the pressure of blood on the walls of an arterie
how is blood pressure measured?
.millimeters of Mercury
.the higher the value the heart is contracting
.the lower value is when the heart is relaxed
what are epidemiological studies?
studies of occurrence of desise using large numbers
what is the maintenence of a constant environment called?
homeostasis
wait does homeostasis involve?
the communication by the nervous and hormonal system
what are the three parts of homeostasis?
.RECEPTORS detect change in the environment
.PROCESSING CENTERS reciveing information and determine how the body will responde
.EFFECTORS produce a response
why must we keep the water content in our body’s contained?
to keep the body’s cells bathed in blood plasma
how does alcohol affect the water ballance of the body?
causes kidney to produce a large volume of dilute urine and the body becomes dehydrated
how does ecstacy affect the water balance of the body?
causes the kidneys to produce very small volumes of concentrated urine
the body’s cells swell with water
does alcohol decrease or increase the amount of ADH?
.decrease
.less water is absorbed by the kidneys
does ecstacy decrease or increase the amount of ADH?
.increases
.so more water is reabsorbed by the kidneys
