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b2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is mitosis

A

part of the cell cycle

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2
Q

describe mitosis

A

eukaryotic cell nucleus splits in two, one cell divides to make two genetically identical daughter cells

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3
Q

stages of mitosis (5)

A

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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4
Q

what is mitosis important for

A

growth, repair and asexual reproduction

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5
Q

why is mitosis important for growth and repair

A

provides new cells for growth and replacement of damaged and old/worn-out cells

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6
Q

why is mitosis important for asexual reproduction

A

allows for the creation of identical copies (clones) of the parent cell

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7
Q

in what ways are the daughter cells identical to the parents cell

A

identical sets of chromosomes in the nucleus to the parents

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8
Q

what causes cancer

A

caused by changes in a cell that lead to uncontrolled cell division

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9
Q

why is cell differentiation necessary/important

A

allows cells to specialise and perform different specific functions in an organism

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10
Q

process of cell differentiation

A

cells acquire distinct features and functions to perform specific roles

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11
Q

define stem cell

A

an undifferentiated cell that can undergo mitosis to produce offspring cells that either continue as stem cells or differentiate into specialised cells

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12
Q

what are percentile growth charts used for

A

the growth of human babies is measured by their mass and length. the measurements are checked on these charts

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13
Q

what problems can be detected throughout regularly monitoring growth

A

poor nutrition
significant weight loss/gain caused by health issues

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14
Q

what is meant by a child whose weight is on the 10th percentile

A

out of every 100 babies, 90 will be heavier and 10 will be lighter

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15
Q

why is it important to monitor a child’s growth over time

A

early detection of health issues
nutrition assessment
ensure the child is developing on the correct timeline

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16
Q

what is meant by a child whose length is on the 85th percentile

A

in every 100 babies, 85 will be shorter and 15 will be taller

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17
Q

types of specialised cells

A

red blood cell, nerve cell, sperm cell

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18
Q

what is the role of the iris in the eye

A

regulate the amount of light entering the pupil by dilating (low light) and constricting (bright light)

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19
Q

role of the cornea and lens in the eye

A

they work together to bend light rays towards one another and focus them through the pupil and onto the retina

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20
Q

function of rod cells in the eye

A

allow us to see in low light situations, provide peripheral vision, and allow us to see black and white

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21
Q

function of cone cells in the eye

A

responsible for colour vision and concentrated in the macula (part of the retina)

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22
Q

what defects of the eye cause cataracts

A

occurs when proteins in the lens break down and cause the lens to become cloudy

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23
Q

what defects of the eye cause colour blindness

A

caused by a defect in one or more of the three classes of cone cells in the retina

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24
Q

what defects of the eye cause long sightedness (hypermetropia)

A

caused by the cornea and lens not refracting light onto the retina properly caused by the cornea or eyeball being too flat

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25
Q

what defects of the eye cause short sightedness (myopia)

A

caused by the cornea and lens not refracting light onto the retina properly caused by the cornea or eyeball being too elongated

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26
Q

how can cataracts be corrected

A

removing the clouded lens and replacing it with a clear artificial lens

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27
Q

how can long or short sightedness be corrected

A

wearing glasses or lenses, undergoing laser eye surgery (or intraocular lens surgery)

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28
Q

how do glasses/lenses/surgeries correct vision

A

lenses and surgeries correct the shape of the eye/cornea/lens meaning they can properly refract light
glasses are either concave or convex which refract light rays before entering the eye so they focus a little differently, landing directly on the retina instead of in front or behind

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29
Q

what kind of contact lens fixes myopia

A

concave or diverging

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30
Q

what kind of contact lens fixes hypermetropia

A

convex or converging

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31
Q

benefits of using stem cells in medicine

A

regenerating and repairing damaged tissue
advancing medical research

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32
Q

what is the function of embryonic stem cells (embryo), stem cells (animals) and meristems (plants)

A

differentiate into specialised cells
divide my mitosis for growth, repair and asexual reproduction

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33
Q

risks of using stem cells in medicine

A

body may reject stem cells
stem cells could become cancerous or mutate
there are ethical issues involved
no guarantee of success
difficult to carry out clinically

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34
Q

uses of stem cells in medicine

A

growing new cells or organs in a laboratory to replace damaged organs or tissues
studying how diseases or genetic defects occur or why certain cells develop into cancer cells
testing new drugs for safety and effectiveness

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35
Q

function of cerebellum

A

balance, coordination, muscle actions, eye movements

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36
Q

function of medulla oblongata

A

controlling functions like digestion, swallowing, sneezing, heartbeat, respiration, circulation
relaying info between spinal cord and brain

37
Q

function of cerebrum

A

in 97% of people the left hemisphere is dominant and controls language and speech while the other hemisphere interprets visual and spatial information

38
Q

limitations in treating brain problems and spine injuries

A

the blood brain barrier is a selectively permeable membrane which separates the bloodstream from the brain meaning medicating the brain is very difficult
surgery is also difficult because it is so intricate and delicate and must be kept extremely sterile
the skull and meningeal membranes block our access to the brain

39
Q

scans to overcome limitations in treating brain problems

A

PET and CT scans highlight and produce imagery of the inside of your brain which allows it to be studied and investigated without opening the brain up (which can be very dangerous)

40
Q

stage one mitosis

A

the replicated chromosomes ‘condense’ - their DNA becomes tightly coiled
the replicated chromosomes become visible as separate units
the chromosomes can now be seen as pairs of chromatids

41
Q

before mitosis starts

A

all the chromosomes in the nucleus replicate their DNA to make identical copies - nucleus now has two sets of replicated chromosomes, 2x a normal body cell

42
Q

stage two mitosis

A

the nuclear membrane breaks down

43
Q

between stage one and two (replicated chromosomes)

A

replicated chromosomes remain attached to each other by the centromere - while they are attached they are known as sister chromatids

44
Q

stage three mitosis

A

spindle fibres attach themselves to the centromere region of the sister chromatid pairs
the spindle fibres line up pairs of sister chromatids in the equator (centre) of cell

45
Q

what are spindle fibres

A

rope-like structures, microscopic protein structures that divide genetic material during cell division and organize cellular components

46
Q

stage four mitosis

A

spindle fibres contract and separate the sister chromatids from each other
sister chromatids are pulled to opposite cell poles

47
Q

stage five mitosis

A

the separated sister chromatids are now known as chromosomes

their DNA becomes decondensed, and new nuclear membranes form around them
two new nuclei are formed each with 4 chromosomes
cytoplasm starts to split in two

48
Q

which cells in a plant can divide rapidly by mitosis

A

cells in the meristem

49
Q

stage one mitosis name

A

interphase

50
Q

stage two mitosis name

A

prophase

51
Q

stage three mitosis name

A

metaphase

52
Q

stage four mitosis name

A

anaphase

53
Q

stage five mitosis name

A

telophase

54
Q

stage six mitosis name

A

cytokinesis

55
Q

stage six mitosis

A

two genetically identical daughter cells formed

56
Q

plant mitosis vs animal mitosis

A

the mitotic spindle in animal mitosis is formed with the help of two centrioles whereas mitotic spindle in plant mitosis is formed without any centriole

57
Q

centriole definition

A

small structure which exists as part of the centrosome
made of microtubules to help organise them

58
Q

microtubule definition

A

hollow tubes, part of cytoskeleton

59
Q

cell differentiation definition

A

process through which a cell undergoes changes in gene expression to become a more specific type of cell

60
Q

problems with spinal injuries

A

damage in the spine can cause loss of function of body
there are no stem cells in the spinal cord (that can regenerate neurons) so damage is permanent

61
Q

reflex arc

A

stimulus-receptor-sensory neurone-relay neurone-motor neurone(-effector-response)

62
Q

synapse definition

A

the gap between two neurones

63
Q

what is the axon

A

transmits impulses away from the cell body

64
Q

what is the dendron/dendrite

A

transmits impulses from the synapses to the cell body

65
Q

what is the myelin sheath

A

protective layer that coats the main body of a neurone

66
Q

what is a reflex action

A

rapid, automatic response to stimulus to avoid harm

67
Q

purpose of myelin sheath

A

insulates neurone - increases transmission speed

68
Q

what is an electrical impulse

A

electrical signal that passes along neurones and cause the release of neurotransmitters at a synapse

69
Q

direction of the impulse through the neurone

A

dendrite-cell body-axon

70
Q

what happens at a synapse

A

electrical impulses travel from the axon of one neurone and triggers the release of neurotransmitters which diffuse over the synapse to the receptors of another neurone
released neurotransmitters bind to the postsynaptic receptors
this triggers another electrical impulse

71
Q

what may cause a slower neurotransmission speed

A

presence of some drugs

72
Q

you touch something very hot, what happens in your body

A

thermoreceptors in the skin detect the heat and send electrical impulses through the central nervous system to the brain where it is interpreted

73
Q

post synaptic neurone meaning

A

receiving neurone

74
Q

how do drugs some slow neurotransmission speeds

A

block/stimulate postsynaptic receptors
prevent re-uptake of the neurotransmitter

75
Q

what are the sensory receptors and where are they found

A

receptors for touch, pressure, pain located throughout the body in the skin
(also photoreceptors and mechanoreceptors)

76
Q

what are the relay neurones

A

found in the brain and spinal cord and act as connectors between sensory and motor neurones

77
Q

what are the motor neurons

A

transmit electrical signals from the brain and spinal cord (CNS) to muscle/gland cells and cause movements

78
Q

what are the sensory neurons

A

receive sensory info via their receptors and transmit sensory input towards the central nervous system

79
Q

where are motor neurons found/how are the structured

A

found in the CNS
their axon protrudes outside to muscle fibres to cause a muscle response

80
Q

what happens to energy as it moves through a food chain

A

most of the energy is lost

81
Q

stages in a food chain

A

trophic levels

82
Q

what do arrows in a food chain show

A

the transfer of energy and biomass

83
Q

omnivore

A

organism which eats both plants and animals

84
Q

carnivore

A

organism which eats only animals

85
Q

herbivore

A

organism which eats only plants

86
Q

why are there usually only 5-6 trophic levels

A

only around 10% of the energy and biomass is transferred between each level

87
Q

decomposer definition

A

organism that breaks down dead organisms

88
Q

detritivore

A

small animals like worms and woodlice that help to break down organic matter into smaller pieces

biology (3 decks)

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