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b2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is mitosis

A

part of the cell cycle

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2
Q

describe mitosis

A

eukaryotic cell nucleus splits in two, one cell divides to make two genetically identical daughter cells

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3
Q

stages of mitosis (5)

A

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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4
Q

what is mitosis important for

A

growth, repair and asexual reproduction

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5
Q

why is mitosis important for growth and repair

A

provides new cells for growth and replacement of damaged and old/worn-out cells

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6
Q

why is mitosis important for asexual reproduction

A

allows for the creation of identical copies (clones) of the parent cell

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7
Q

in what ways are the daughter cells identical to the parents cell

A

identical sets of chromosomes in the nucleus to the parents

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8
Q

what causes cancer

A

caused by changes in a cell that lead to uncontrolled cell division

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9
Q

why is cell differentiation necessary/important

A

allows cells to specialise and perform different specific functions in an organism

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10
Q

process of cell differentiation

A

cells acquire distinct features and functions to perform specific roles

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11
Q

define stem cell

A

an undifferentiated cell that can undergo mitosis to produce offspring cells that either continue as stem cells or differentiate into specialised cells

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12
Q

what are percentile growth charts used for

A

the growth of human babies is measured by their mass and length. the measurements are checked on these charts

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13
Q

what problems can be detected throughout regularly monitoring growth

A

poor nutrition
significant weight loss/gain caused by health issues

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14
Q

what is meant by a child whose weight is on the 10th percentile

A

out of every 100 babies, 90 will be heavier and 10 will be lighter

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15
Q

why is it important to monitor a child’s growth over time

A

early detection of health issues
nutrition assessment
ensure the child is developing on the correct timeline

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16
Q

what is meant by a child whose length is on the 85th percentile

A

in every 100 babies, 85 will be shorter and 15 will be taller

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17
Q

types of specialised cells

A

red blood cell, nerve cell, sperm cell

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18
Q

what is the role of the iris in the eye

A

regulate the amount of light entering the pupil by dilating (low light) and constricting (bright light)

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19
Q

role of the cornea and lens in the eye

A

they work together to bend light rays towards one another and focus them through the pupil and onto the retina

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20
Q

function of rod cells in the eye

A

allow us to see in low light situations, provide peripheral vision, and allow us to see black and white

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21
Q

function of cone cells in the eye

A

responsible for colour vision and concentrated in the macula (part of the retina)

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22
Q

what defects of the eye cause cataracts

A

occurs when proteins in the lens break down and cause the lens to become cloudy

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23
Q

what defects of the eye cause colour blindness

A

caused by a defect in one or more of the three classes of cone cells in the retina

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24
Q

what defects of the eye cause long sightedness (hypermetropia)

A

caused by the cornea and lens not refracting light onto the retina properly caused by the cornea or eyeball being too flat

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25
what defects of the eye cause short sightedness (myopia)
caused by the cornea and lens not refracting light onto the retina properly caused by the cornea or eyeball being too elongated
26
how can cataracts be corrected
removing the clouded lens and replacing it with a clear artificial lens
27
how can long or short sightedness be corrected
wearing glasses or lenses, undergoing laser eye surgery (or intraocular lens surgery)
28
how do glasses/lenses/surgeries correct vision
lenses and surgeries correct the shape of the eye/cornea/lens meaning they can properly refract light glasses are either concave or convex which refract light rays before entering the eye so they focus a little differently, landing directly on the retina instead of in front or behind
29
what kind of contact lens fixes myopia
concave or diverging
30
what kind of contact lens fixes hypermetropia
convex or converging
31
benefits of using stem cells in medicine
regenerating and repairing damaged tissue advancing medical research
32
what is the function of embryonic stem cells (embryo), stem cells (animals) and meristems (plants)
differentiate into specialised cells divide my mitosis for growth, repair and asexual reproduction
33
risks of using stem cells in medicine
body may reject stem cells stem cells could become cancerous or mutate there are ethical issues involved no guarantee of success difficult to carry out clinically
34
uses of stem cells in medicine
growing new cells or organs in a laboratory to replace damaged organs or tissues studying how diseases or genetic defects occur or why certain cells develop into cancer cells testing new drugs for safety and effectiveness
35
function of cerebellum
balance, coordination, muscle actions, eye movements
36
function of medulla oblongata
controlling functions like digestion, swallowing, sneezing, heartbeat, respiration, circulation relaying info between spinal cord and brain
37
function of cerebrum
in 97% of people the left hemisphere is dominant and controls language and speech while the other hemisphere interprets visual and spatial information
38
limitations in treating brain problems and spine injuries
the blood brain barrier is a selectively permeable membrane which separates the bloodstream from the brain meaning medicating the brain is very difficult surgery is also difficult because it is so intricate and delicate and must be kept extremely sterile the skull and meningeal membranes block our access to the brain
39
scans to overcome limitations in treating brain problems
PET and CT scans highlight and produce imagery of the inside of your brain which allows it to be studied and investigated without opening the brain up (which can be very dangerous)
40
stage one mitosis
the replicated chromosomes 'condense' - their DNA becomes tightly coiled the replicated chromosomes become visible as separate units the chromosomes can now be seen as pairs of chromatids
41
before mitosis starts
all the chromosomes in the nucleus replicate their DNA to make identical copies - nucleus now has two sets of replicated chromosomes, 2x a normal body cell
42
stage two mitosis
the nuclear membrane breaks down
43
between stage one and two (replicated chromosomes)
replicated chromosomes remain attached to each other by the centromere - while they are attached they are known as sister chromatids
44
stage three mitosis
spindle fibres attach themselves to the centromere region of the sister chromatid pairs the spindle fibres line up pairs of sister chromatids in the equator (centre) of cell
45
what are spindle fibres
rope-like structures, microscopic protein structures that divide genetic material during cell division and organize cellular components
46
stage four mitosis
spindle fibres contract and separate the sister chromatids from each other sister chromatids are pulled to opposite cell poles
47
stage five mitosis
the separated sister chromatids are now known as chromosomes their DNA becomes decondensed, and new nuclear membranes form around them two new nuclei are formed each with 4 chromosomes cytoplasm starts to split in two
48
which cells in a plant can divide rapidly by mitosis
cells in the meristem
49
stage one mitosis name
interphase
50
stage two mitosis name
prophase
51
stage three mitosis name
metaphase
52
stage four mitosis name
anaphase
53
stage five mitosis name
telophase
54
stage six mitosis name
cytokinesis
55
stage six mitosis
two genetically identical daughter cells formed
56
plant mitosis vs animal mitosis
the mitotic spindle in animal mitosis is formed with the help of two centrioles whereas mitotic spindle in plant mitosis is formed without any centriole
57
centriole definition
small structure which exists as part of the centrosome made of microtubules to help organise them
58
microtubule definition
hollow tubes, part of cytoskeleton
59
cell differentiation definition
process through which a cell undergoes changes in gene expression to become a more specific type of cell
60
problems with spinal injuries
damage in the spine can cause loss of function of body there are no stem cells in the spinal cord (that can regenerate neurons) so damage is permanent
61
reflex arc
stimulus-receptor-sensory neurone-relay neurone-motor neurone(-effector-response)
62
synapse definition
the gap between two neurones
63
what is the axon
transmits impulses away from the cell body
64
what is the dendron/dendrite
transmits impulses from the synapses to the cell body
65
what is the myelin sheath
protective layer that coats the main body of a neurone
66
what is a reflex action
rapid, automatic response to stimulus to avoid harm
67
purpose of myelin sheath
insulates neurone - increases transmission speed
68
what is an electrical impulse
electrical signal that passes along neurones and cause the release of neurotransmitters at a synapse
69
direction of the impulse through the neurone
dendrite-cell body-axon
70
what happens at a synapse
electrical impulses travel from the axon of one neurone and triggers the release of neurotransmitters which diffuse over the synapse to the receptors of another neurone released neurotransmitters bind to the postsynaptic receptors this triggers another electrical impulse
71
what may cause a slower neurotransmission speed
presence of some drugs
72
you touch something very hot, what happens in your body
thermoreceptors in the skin detect the heat and send electrical impulses through the central nervous system to the brain where it is interpreted
73
post synaptic neurone meaning
receiving neurone
74
how do drugs some slow neurotransmission speeds
block/stimulate postsynaptic receptors prevent re-uptake of the neurotransmitter
75
what are the sensory receptors and where are they found
receptors for touch, pressure, pain located throughout the body in the skin (also photoreceptors and mechanoreceptors)
76
what are the relay neurones
found in the brain and spinal cord and act as connectors between sensory and motor neurones
77
what are the motor neurons
transmit electrical signals from the brain and spinal cord (CNS) to muscle/gland cells and cause movements
78
what are the sensory neurons
receive sensory info via their receptors and transmit sensory input towards the central nervous system
79
where are motor neurons found/how are the structured
found in the CNS their axon protrudes outside to muscle fibres to cause a muscle response
80
what happens to energy as it moves through a food chain
most of the energy is lost
81
stages in a food chain
trophic levels
82
what do arrows in a food chain show
the transfer of energy and biomass
83
omnivore
organism which eats both plants and animals
84
carnivore
organism which eats only animals
85
herbivore
organism which eats only plants
86
why are there usually only 5-6 trophic levels
only around 10% of the energy and biomass is transferred between each level
87
decomposer definition
organism that breaks down dead organisms
88
detritivore
small animals like worms and woodlice that help to break down organic matter into smaller pieces

biology (3 decks)

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