b2 Flashcards
smallest to largest in body
cells, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
examples of a cell
nerve, epithelial, palisade, root hair
examples of a tissue
muscle tissue, blood, xylem, phloem
examples of a organ
heart, stomach, leaf, flower
examples of organ system
digestive system, respiratory system, root system, shoot system
examples of organism
human, frog, oak tree, orchid
what is a organ system
different organs work together to digest and absorb food
what effects enzyme activity
temperature and Ph
what do enzymes do
control chemical reaction in the body also known as metabolism
what will happen at first when the temperature increases
during enzyme reaction
at first rate of reactions will increase due to increased collisions betweem the enzyme and substrates
after a period of time what will happen to the enzyme after an increase of temperature
enzyme will denature
where is bile made and stored
in the liver and stored in the gall badder
what does the right ventricle do
pumps blood to the lungs where gas exchange takes place
what does the left ventricle do
pumps blood around the rest of the body
what do the coronary arteries do
supply oxygen rich blood to the heart
what group of cells control the natural resting rate and where in the heart
pacemakers control heart rate and they are in the right atrium
what are artificial pacemaker used for
to correct irregularities in the heart
what is the alveoli surrounded by
capillaries
what does the heart pump to the lungs
low oxygen/high carbon dioxide blood
features of arteries
carry blood away from heart
has thick muscular wall
small lumen
carries blood under high pressure
features of veins
carry blood to heart thin walls large lumen carries blood under low pressure have valves
adaptations of capillaries
connect arteries and veins
one cell thick
carries blood over very low pressure
all arteries but one does not carry oxygenated blood which one?
pulmonary artery
all veins carry deoxygenated blood expect for the
pulmonary vein
what does blood consist of and the percentages
plasma 55%
buffy coat <1% (white blood cells and platelets)
red blood cells 45%(ertythrocytes)
plasma features (blood)
pale yellow fluid part of blood
transports cell, hormones and waste
red blood cells features
have no nucleus (more room to carry oxygen)
contains red pigment called haemoglobin which carries oxygen
white blood cell feautures
some produce antibodies
others surround and engulf foreign cells
all have nucleus
platelets
clump together to help form clots
reduces blooding
what is Atherosclerosis
its a cause of coronary heart disease
where layers of fat build up inside the coronary arteries narrowing them
resulting in lack of oxygen for the heart muscle
what can cause coronary heart disease
smoking and high blood preasure
high cholesterol
not enough excercise
ways of treating coronary heart disease(atherosclerosis)
stents and statins
what is stents
metal cylinder grid that goes inside the artery keeping it open so heart continues to receive enough oxygen
what is statins
lowers harmful cholesterol and stops liver producing too much cholesterol
can a healthy diet prevent coronary heart disease
yes
what do heart valves prevent
blood in the heart flowing in the wrong direction
what happens when a heart valve gets faulty
it stops being able to open fully and might develop a leak because it does not close fully
symptoms of a faulty heart valves
short of breath
feeling unusually tired
swelling in ankles and feet
causes of faulty valves
getting older being born with it rheumatic fever cardiomyopathy- disease of the heart muscle heart attack causing damage
what conditions require a hear transplant
coronary heart disease
cardiomyopathy
congenital heart disease
what is cardiomyopathy
where the walls of the heart become stretched, thickened or stiff
congenital heart disease
birth defects that affect the normal workings of the heart
different types of disease
communicable and non communicable
what is communicable disease
can be spread and are infectious diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, protists and fungi and spread in animals and plants
what is a non communicable disease
not caused by infection cant spread such as heart disease, diabetes, alzheimer’s, asthma
defects in immune system
meaning people are more likely to suffer from infectious diseases
viruses in cells what can it do to make someone ill
viruses living in cells can be a trigger for cancers to form
what causes immune reactions
initially caused by a pathogen can trigger allergies such as skin rashes and asthma and
sever phyiscal ill health what can it ause
lead to depression and other mental illness
what can alcohol cause
liver disease or brain damage
what is type 2 diabetes
cells in body are less sensitive to insulin so body cannot control concentration of glucose in the blood
copd is..
a group of lung diseases which makes it difficult for people to move air in and out of lungs
bronchitis
when bronchi and bronchioles are inflamed and excess mucus is produced
emphysema
when alveoli gets damaged resulting in the walls getting broken down trapping excess air
copd what does it do (airways)
narrow airways and makes it difficult to get rid of co2 and get in o2
symptoms for lung cancer
coughing blood
a persistent cough
frequent chest infections
what does carbon monoxide do to babies in the wound
reduces amount of oxygen available to unborn baby
smoking pregnant increases risk of
miscarriage,premature births, sudden infant death syndrome
heavy drinking can cause unborn baby to have
foetal alcohol syndrome
poor growth
learning difficulties
facial abnormalities
main ingreadients in cigarettes
tar
nicotine
carbon monxide
features of benign toumours
growth of abnormal cells
contained in one area
dosent invade other parts of body
usually within a membrane
features of malignant tumour
growth of abnormal cells
cancerous
spreads to different part of body in the blood
caused by lifestyle or genes
features of meristem
found at tips of roots and shoots
where cell dfferentiation occurs
features of xylem and phloem
form vascular bundles and transport water and glucose around plant
what happens in the spongy mesophyll
photosynthesis occurs in the cells here and there is
large air space for gas exchange
palisade mesophyll (photosynthesis?)
cells packed with chloroplasts it is the site of most of the photosynthesis
features of epidermal
covers surface of plant
adaptations of root hair cell (hair)
hair is like projections to increase surface area
what does xylem tissue transport
water and minerals from the roots to stems and leaves
what does phloem tissue transport
transport dissolved sugar from the leaves to the rest of the plant for immediate use or storage
what increases transpiration
temperature,humidity,air movement and light intensity increase
