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cell biology > b2 > Flashcards

b2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

smallest to largest in body

A

cells, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

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2
Q

examples of a cell

A

nerve, epithelial, palisade, root hair

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3
Q

examples of a tissue

A

muscle tissue, blood, xylem, phloem

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4
Q

examples of a organ

A

heart, stomach, leaf, flower

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5
Q

examples of organ system

A

digestive system, respiratory system, root system, shoot system

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6
Q

examples of organism

A

human, frog, oak tree, orchid

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7
Q

what is a organ system

A

different organs work together to digest and absorb food

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8
Q

what effects enzyme activity

A

temperature and Ph

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9
Q

what do enzymes do

A

control chemical reaction in the body also known as metabolism

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10
Q

what will happen at first when the temperature increases

during enzyme reaction

A

at first rate of reactions will increase due to increased collisions betweem the enzyme and substrates

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11
Q

after a period of time what will happen to the enzyme after an increase of temperature

A

enzyme will denature

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12
Q

where is bile made and stored

A

in the liver and stored in the gall badder

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13
Q

what does the right ventricle do

A

pumps blood to the lungs where gas exchange takes place

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14
Q

what does the left ventricle do

A

pumps blood around the rest of the body

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15
Q

what do the coronary arteries do

A

supply oxygen rich blood to the heart

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16
Q

what group of cells control the natural resting rate and where in the heart

A

pacemakers control heart rate and they are in the right atrium

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17
Q

what are artificial pacemaker used for

A

to correct irregularities in the heart

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18
Q

what is the alveoli surrounded by

A

capillaries

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19
Q

what does the heart pump to the lungs

A

low oxygen/high carbon dioxide blood

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20
Q

features of arteries

A

carry blood away from heart
has thick muscular wall
small lumen
carries blood under high pressure

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21
Q

features of veins

A 
carry blood to heart
thin walls
large lumen
carries blood under low pressure
have valves
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22
Q

adaptations of capillaries

A

connect arteries and veins
one cell thick
carries blood over very low pressure

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23
Q

all arteries but one does not carry oxygenated blood which one?

A

pulmonary artery

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24
Q

all veins carry deoxygenated blood expect for the

A

pulmonary vein

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25
Q

what does blood consist of and the percentages

A

plasma 55%
buffy coat <1% (white blood cells and platelets)
red blood cells 45%(ertythrocytes)

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26
Q

plasma features (blood)

A

pale yellow fluid part of blood

transports cell, hormones and waste

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27
Q

red blood cells features

A

have no nucleus (more room to carry oxygen)

contains red pigment called haemoglobin which carries oxygen

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28
Q

white blood cell feautures

A

some produce antibodies
others surround and engulf foreign cells
all have nucleus

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29
Q

platelets

A

clump together to help form clots

reduces blooding

30
Q

what is Atherosclerosis

A

its a cause of coronary heart disease
where layers of fat build up inside the coronary arteries narrowing them
resulting in lack of oxygen for the heart muscle

31
Q

what can cause coronary heart disease

A

smoking and high blood preasure
high cholesterol
not enough excercise

32
Q

ways of treating coronary heart disease(atherosclerosis)

A

stents and statins

33
Q

what is stents

A

metal cylinder grid that goes inside the artery keeping it open so heart continues to receive enough oxygen

34
Q

what is statins

A

lowers harmful cholesterol and stops liver producing too much cholesterol

35
Q

can a healthy diet prevent coronary heart disease

A

yes

36
Q

what do heart valves prevent

A

blood in the heart flowing in the wrong direction

37
Q

what happens when a heart valve gets faulty

A

it stops being able to open fully and might develop a leak because it does not close fully

38
Q

symptoms of a faulty heart valves

A

short of breath
feeling unusually tired
swelling in ankles and feet

39
Q

causes of faulty valves

A 
getting older
being born with it
rheumatic fever
cardiomyopathy- disease of the heart muscle
heart attack causing damage
40
Q

what conditions require a hear transplant

A

coronary heart disease
cardiomyopathy
congenital heart disease

41
Q

what is cardiomyopathy

A

where the walls of the heart become stretched, thickened or stiff

42
Q

congenital heart disease

A

birth defects that affect the normal workings of the heart

43
Q

different types of disease

A

communicable and non communicable

44
Q

what is communicable disease

A

can be spread and are infectious diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, protists and fungi and spread in animals and plants

45
Q

what is a non communicable disease

A

not caused by infection cant spread such as heart disease, diabetes, alzheimer’s, asthma

46
Q

defects in immune system

A

meaning people are more likely to suffer from infectious diseases

47
Q

viruses in cells what can it do to make someone ill

A

viruses living in cells can be a trigger for cancers to form

48
Q

what causes immune reactions

A

initially caused by a pathogen can trigger allergies such as skin rashes and asthma and

49
Q

sever phyiscal ill health what can it ause

A

lead to depression and other mental illness

50
Q

what can alcohol cause

A

liver disease or brain damage

51
Q

what is type 2 diabetes

A

cells in body are less sensitive to insulin so body cannot control concentration of glucose in the blood

52
Q

copd is..

A

a group of lung diseases which makes it difficult for people to move air in and out of lungs

53
Q

bronchitis

A

when bronchi and bronchioles are inflamed and excess mucus is produced

54
Q

emphysema

A

when alveoli gets damaged resulting in the walls getting broken down trapping excess air

55
Q

copd what does it do (airways)

A

narrow airways and makes it difficult to get rid of co2 and get in o2

56
Q

symptoms for lung cancer

A

coughing blood
a persistent cough
frequent chest infections

57
Q

what does carbon monoxide do to babies in the wound

A

reduces amount of oxygen available to unborn baby

58
Q

smoking pregnant increases risk of

A

miscarriage,premature births, sudden infant death syndrome

59
Q

heavy drinking can cause unborn baby to have

A

foetal alcohol syndrome
poor growth
learning difficulties
facial abnormalities

60
Q

main ingreadients in cigarettes

A

tar
nicotine
carbon monxide

61
Q

features of benign toumours

A

growth of abnormal cells
contained in one area
dosent invade other parts of body
usually within a membrane

62
Q

features of malignant tumour

A

growth of abnormal cells
cancerous
spreads to different part of body in the blood
caused by lifestyle or genes

63
Q

features of meristem

A

found at tips of roots and shoots

where cell dfferentiation occurs

64
Q

features of xylem and phloem

A

form vascular bundles and transport water and glucose around plant

65
Q

what happens in the spongy mesophyll

A

photosynthesis occurs in the cells here and there is

large air space for gas exchange

66
Q

palisade mesophyll (photosynthesis?)

A

cells packed with chloroplasts it is the site of most of the photosynthesis

67
Q

features of epidermal

A

covers surface of plant

68
Q

adaptations of root hair cell (hair)

A

hair is like projections to increase surface area

69
Q

what does xylem tissue transport

A

water and minerals from the roots to stems and leaves

70
Q

what does phloem tissue transport

A

transport dissolved sugar from the leaves to the rest of the plant for immediate use or storage

71
Q

what increases transpiration

A

temperature,humidity,air movement and light intensity increase

cell biology (7 decks)

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