B2. 046 Prework 2 Overview of Diabetic Ketoacidosis Flashcards
ketosis
a normal metabolic process in which body produces ketone bodies in the liver for the utilization by peripheral tissues
ketonemia
abnormally high concentration of ketone bodies in the blood
ketonuria
abnormally large amount of ketone bodies in the urine
ketoacidosis
a serious complication of diabetes caused by over production of ketone bodies by the liver coupled with under utilization of ketone bodies by peripheral tissues
fatty acid oxidation
conversion of fatty acids to acetyl CoA by beta oxidation
ketogenesis
liver pathways that converts two molecules of acetyl CoA into B-hydroxybutyrate at the expense of one molecule of NADH
ketolysis
pathways in tissues other than the liver in which ketone bodies are oxidized to acetyl CoA and then to CO2 and H2O by the citric acid cycle
citric acid cycle
cyclic conversion of acetyl CoA into 2 molecules of CO2 with the production of 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 GTP
what are the ketone bodies?
acetoacetic acid
B-hydroxybutyric acid
acetone
why can acetone be detected on the breath of some individuals?
high concentrations of acetoacetate in the blood break down into acetone and CO2 which are exhaled
how is metabolic ketoacidosis prevented in normally functioning individuals?
ketone bodies produced from fatty acids by the liver are oxidized to CO2 and H2O in peripheral tissues
why can excretion of acetoacetate and B-hydroxybutyrate in the urine be detrimental?
excretion of these ketone bodies is accompanied by Na+ ions to maintain electrical neutrality
this exacerbates metabolic acidosis because it leaves H+ in the blood that cannot be removed by simply oxidizing the ketone bodies
what are the two primary causes of metabolic acidosis?
ketoacidosis
lactic acidosis
what is the anion gap?
detects high concentrations of organic acids in the blood
Na-(Cl+HCO3)
what is the rate limiting enzyme for fatty acid oxidation?
CPT1
totally active when insulin is absent
