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Physiology > B1W1: Physio > Flashcards

B1W1: Physio Flashcards

1
Q

Na+ conc.

A

In plasma: 138-146 mM

In cell: 15 mm

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2
Q

Cl- conc.

A

In plasma: 103-112 mM

In cell: 20 mM

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3
Q

Glucose conc.

A

In plasma: 75-95 mg/dl

In cell: VERY LOW

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4
Q

Ca2+ conc.

A

In plasma: 1-1.4 mg/dL

In cell: .0001 mM

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5
Q

K+ conc.

A

4.4 mM in plasma

120 mM in cell

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6
Q

Ph

A
  1. 3-7.5 in plasma

7. 2 in cell

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7
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

mutation in CFTR Cl- channel

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8
Q

Lipophillic molecules

A

resp. molecules (O2, CO2, N2)
organic molecules (alcohols, ketones)
anesthetics

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9
Q

Hydrophillic molecules

A

Urea, glycerol

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10
Q

What is permeability dependent on?

A

Px=DB/L

D=ease of mvt within cell membrane; determined by size, shape, charge of solute

B=how easily solute crosses one layer; diff. in force attraction for diffusing molecules within and outside membrane

*when with electrochemical gradient, also dependent on # channels open

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11
Q

B>1 and B<1; B equation

A

B=[X]i’/[X]i

B>1=lipophillic
B<1=hydrophillic

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12
Q

Vm

A

sum/net electrical difference across plasma membrane of each permeable ion

–only at steady state, not when ions are at equilibrium

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13
Q

Steady state

A

When no net change is occurring in cell and it is maintained by energy (not at equilibrium, though!)

Current zero

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14
Q

Equillibrium potential

A

When ion down diffusion gradient is counteracted by force of electrical potential

Value each ion wants to bring the membrane potential
–would not be under steady state; permeability does not matter

EACH ION WANTS TO DO WHAT IT CAN TO BRING CELL TO EQUILLIBRIUM, even if it means leaving it

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15
Q

Myotonia congenita

A

Usually Cl- helps repolarize skeletal muscle
BUT Cl- channel inhibited genetically
Cl- not allowed in, prolongued depolarization of flexor muscles, clasped hand won’t relax, abnormal walking gait

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16
Q

Increase in [K+]o

A

Depolarization of cell
iK outwardly decreases due to less gradient

less K+ leaving, cell stays more positive

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17
Q

Clinical issue with increase in [K+]o

A

Too much means hyper excitability (huge depolarization), arrythmias, abnormal breathing, loss neural control

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18
Q

Decrease in Pk

A

depolarization occurs

less K+ is coming out, less separation of + and - charge

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19
Q

Increase in Pk

A

causes hyperpolarization

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20
Q

Decrease in PNa

A

little change in cell
In resting cell, PNa small already
Making it smaller does nothing

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21
Q

Increase in PNa

A

Deplarization large iNa

22
Q

Increasing permeability in general

A

pushes membrane towards ion’s equilibrium

23
Q

Structure of carrier proteins

A

4 or more membrane spanning protein subunits

Each subunit is 6 segments

Each segment=helical polypeptide sequence

24
Q

S4 domain

A

Opens up channels

25
Q

S5, S6 domain in Na+ channel

A

inactivates Na+ channel

26
Q

Terminal intracellular chain of K+ channel

A

inactivation

27
Q

3 properties of protein channels

A
  1. chemical specificity (D glucose only)
  2. Saturation
  3. competitive/noncompetitive inhibition
28
Q

Ouabain

A

competitive inhibitor that blocks K+ from binding to Na/K pump

29
Q

Variables in GHK Current Equation

A

assumptions are that the cell membrane is homogenous, PM is thin so the electrical field is constant, ions are independent and Px is const.

Vm, [X] and Px of each ion determine current

30
Q

What are ATPases inhibited by?

A

Blockers of metabolism because need energy from ATP

i.e. cyanide, dinitrophenol, azide

31
Q

Steps of binding of facilitated proteins

A
  1. Carrier open to outside
  2. Solute binds
  3. Outer gate closes
  4. Inner gate opens
  5. Solute leaves
32
Q

Example of facilitated diffusion carrier protein

A

SLC family of transmembrane glucose transporters (GLUT)

12 sequences connected; 7, 8, 11 make pore

Mobilization by insulin

33
Q

Na/K pump

A

Alpha subunit: hydrolyzes ATP and has pore for Na/ (10 polypeptide seg.)

Beta subunit: 1 segment, targets pump to membrane

34
Q

Cardiac glycosides

A

Oubain, digoxin and digitalis

Bind to side of alpha subunit of Na/K, causing conformational change that blocks K+

35
Q

What is the Na/K pump regulated by?

A
  1. intracellular ATP
  2. extracellular K
  3. intracellular Na
36
Q

H/K Pump

A

Primary transport

In gastric glands, kidney
2K+ in, two H+ out
HCl production, acid/base balance

37
Q

Ca2+ ATPase

A

Primary transport
aka SERCA

2 Ca2+ into SR from cytoplasm in exchange for 2 H+

38
Q

Ca2+/Na+ pump

A

Primary transport
One Ca2+ from cell for one Na+
want low intracellular Ca2+

39
Q

Ca2+/H+ pump

A

Primary Transport
1 Ca2+ from cell for one H+
Want low intracellular Ca2+

40
Q

Na/Glucose pump

A

Co Transport

In smal intestine epithelium/proximal tubule of kidney
Glucose in cell, Na+ in

Saturation=diabetes

41
Q

Na/K/Cl Pump

A

Co transport
In non-epithelial, apical membrane

Cl- and Na+ down concentration gradient inward, K+ up inward

Blockage means increased water loss (water diuresis)
–furosemide water pill blocks channel

42
Q

Na Ca Pump

A

Exchange transport
3 Na+ in, down gradient
1 Ca 2+ ion out, up gradient

Raising [Na+]i=depolarization

43
Q

Cl/HCO3 pump

A

Exchange transport
Acid base regulation, CO2 transport

In RBC, brings HCO3 out for one Cl- in

44
Q

Na/H pump

A

Exchange transport

45
Q

Calculating osmolarity

A

Conc. x # particles

46
Q

What affect does manipulating Na, Ca or Cl have on resting membrane potential?

A

Little because usually at rest the channels for these ions are closed anyway

A change in K is he only thing that changes resting membrane potential

47
Q

Isotonic

A

conc. of cell and outside of cell is equal
No volume change
Won’t increase, decrease in size

48
Q

isomotic

A 
# of particles inside and outside of cell are equal
Won't necessarily stop a hange in size
49
Q

Hypotonic extracellular solution

A

ECF concentration is less than that in cytoplasm

Water goes into cell (lysis)

50
Q

Hypertonic extracellular solution

A

ECF has concentration greater than cytoplasm

Water goes out of cell (crenation)

51
Q

Hypokalemia

A

Decrease in K+ outside causes K+ on the inside to leave, the water following

52
Q

What direction does water flow from?

A

Low osmolarity to high osmolarity

The higher value of osmolarity is hypertonic

Physiology (9 decks)

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